1 Concept Schemes in this file

This file generated at: “2023-06-23T15:45:13.502526+00:00”

2 Concept scheme: Analytical methods for geochemistry

Vocabulary last modified: 2023-05-26

subtitle: This concept scheme contains skos concepts for analysis methods used to produce observation results with information about the physical properties, chemical or isotopic composition, crystallography, or molecular structure of material samples. Based on spreadsheet compilation of method vocabularies from Geo.X, GEOROC, PetDB and OSIRIS-REx. Definitions added and updated based on web research, and SKOS serialization by S.M. Richard. Note that although there are high-level method categories for ‘Physical property measurements’ and the ‘Bioanalytical method’, these are placeholders and only include a few examples that are relevant to analytical methods in geo- or cosmochemistry.

Namespace: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/method

History

2023-05-26 SMR add funding acknowledgement for Astromat support from NASA planetary sciences division, using schema.org/funding property.
2023-06-17 SMR put the dcterm agent objects in https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent URI space (instead of analyticalmethod). Add ‘and cosmochemistry’ in vocab title.
Add provenance and better source information, prepare for posting to Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC) Research Vocabularies Australia SMR 2023-05-01.
Draft generated by S.M. Richard 2023-02-14, based on spreadsheet compilation of method vocabularies from Geo.X, GEOROC, PetDB and OSIRIS-REx (Astromat). Definitions added and updated and SKOS serialization by S.M. Richard.
Analytical method

Concepts

2.1 Analytical method

Procedures that operate on material samples to produce observation results with information about the physical properties, chemical or isotopic composition, crystallography, or molecular structure of the sample.
Alternate labels: Analytical technique
Concept URI token: analyticalmethod

2.1.1 Bench chemistry

Child of: analyticalmethod
Analytical techniques performed by an analyst mixing and handling chemicals directly, not employing any of the high-tech devices or theoretical approaches that may be associated with the most state-of- the-art aspects of the discipline.
Concept URI token: benchchemistry

2.1.1.1 Combustion analysis

Child of: benchchemistry
Technique for determination of empirical and molecular formulas for compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The steps for this procedure are: 1) Weigh a sample of the compound to be analyzed; 2) Burn the compound completely. 3) H2O and CO2 are drawn through two tubes. One tube contains a substance that absorbs water, and the other contains a substance that absorbs carbon dioxide. Weigh each of these tubes before and after the combustion. The increase in mass in the first tube is the mass of H2O that formed in the combustion, and the increase in mass for the second tube is the mass of CO2 formed. Assume that all the carbon in the compound has been converted to CO2 and trapped in the second tube. Calculate the mass of carbon in the compound from the mass of carbon in the measured mass of CO2 formed. Assume that all of the hydrogen in the compound has been converted to H2O and trapped in the first tube. Calculate the mass of hydrogen in the compound from the mass of hydrogen in the measured mass of water. If the compound contains oxygen as well as carbon and hydrogen, calculate the mass of the oxygen by subtracting the mass of carbon and hydrogen from the total mass of the original sample of compound. (https://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Combustion_Analysis.htm)
Alternate labels: COMBUSTION
Source: https://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Combustion_Analysis.htm, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: combustionanalysis

2.1.1.2 Loss on ignition analysis

Child of: benchchemistry
Method consists of igniting (vigorous heating) a sample at a designated temperature which enables volatile substances within the sample material to escape, until the mass of the sample ceases to change. This process is often performed within air but may be done in another inert or reactive atmosphere. Loss on Ignition measures the organic matter content in samples. The volatile materials lost during the analysis typically consist of combined water (hydrates, for example) and CO2 from carbonates. (https://www.precisa.com/blog/what- is-loss-on-ignition-loi)
Alternate labels: STEPPED HEATING ANALYSIS
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.precisa.com/blog/what-is-loss-on-ignition-loi,
Concept URI token: lossonignitionanalysis

2.1.1.3 Penfield method analysis

Child of: benchchemistry
Penfield, S. L., 1894, On some methods for the determination of water: American Journal of Science, v. 48, no. 283, p. 30-37. Determination of water by ‘heating a weighed quantity of mineral in a closed glass tube, weighing the tube plus the water, then drying and weighing again’. Modified method (Shapirro, 1975, p. 55-56, https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1401/report.pdf) water is driven from the sample when it is heated in a Pyrex test tube with sodium tungstate as a flux (Shapiro and Brannock, 1955b). The water is condensed on a piece of preweighed filter paper in the upper part of a test tube that is cooled by crushed ice in a polyethylene jacket surrounding the test tube during the analysis.
Alternate labels: PENFIELD METHOD
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: penfieldmethodanalysis

2.1.1.4 Wet chemistry

Child of: benchchemistry
Wet chemistry is a form of analytical chemistry that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials. It is called wet chemistry since most analyzing is done in the liquid phase. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_chemistry)
Alternate labels: WET-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_chemistry, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: wetchemistry

2.1.1.4.1 Acid reaction carbonate analysis

Child of: wetchemistry
Determination of calcium carbonate content by reaction with an acid and determining the quantity of CO2 produced. Different techniques use different acids and CO2 production measurement approaches.
Concept URI token: acidreactioncarbonateanalysis

2.1.1.4.1.1 Carbonate bomb analysis

Child of: acidreactioncarbonateanalysis
Treatment of a sample with HCl in a closed instrument creates CO2 pressure porportional to the CaCO3 content of the sample (Muller and Gastner, 1971, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/27239/1/Mll1971a.pdf)
Alternate labels: CARBONATE BOMB
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: carbonatebombanalysis

2.1.1.4.1.2 Charmograph analysis

Child of: acidreactioncarbonateanalysis
Carbonate was determined with a Charmograph 6 (Wosthoff). The sample was heated in 2 N phosphoric acid and the released carbon dioxide passed through a 0.05 N sodium hydroxide solution. Carbonate concentrations were calculated from the conductivity changes of the sodium hydroxide solution (https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/22 64/7525/J_Geophys_Res_C_101_28569.pdf)
Alternate labels: CHARMOGRAPH
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: charmographanalysis

2.1.1.4.1.3 Dietrich-Fruhling calcimetry

Child of: acidreactioncarbonateanalysis
Instrument consisting of a sample-holder, one serpentine for cooling and one graduated cylinder with readings on the result of reaction between calcium carbonate and diluted chloridric acid. Since the volume of CO2 (carbonic anhydride) is in relationship with CaCO2 (carbonate contained in the material) it shall be possible to calculate the percentage of CaCO3. (https://www.gabbrielli.com/en/prodotto/dietrich-fruhling-calcimeter/)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.gabbrielli.com/en/prodotto/dietrich-fruhling-calcimeter/,
Concept URI token: dietrichfruhlingcalcimetry

2.1.1.4.2 Colormetric analysis

Child of: opticalspectrometry wetchemistry
A method of chemical analysis in which reagents are added to a solution to form coloured compounds with specific elements. The intensity of the colour, measured on a spectrophotometer, is proportional to the concentration of the element. (‘colorimetric analysis .’ A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. 21 Dec. 2022 <https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses- pictures-and-press-releases/colorimetric-analysis>.)
Alternate labels: COLORIMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/colorimetric-analysis,
Concept URI token: colormetricanalysis

2.1.1.4.3 Fire assay emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry wetchemistry
Used for Platinum group element (PGE) analyses. The sample is decomposed by heating with nickel sulfide to form a button that is then dissolved in acid. PGE constituents remain in the insoluble residue. After filtering, the residue is dissolved with aqua regia or a mixture of HCl and H2O2 and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.
Alternate labels: NICKEL SULFIDE FIRE ASSAY ISOTOPE DILUTION ANALYSIS
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb
Concept URI token: fireassayemissionspectrometry

2.1.1.4.4 Gravimetric analysis

Child of: wetchemistry
Gravimetry is the measurement of weight, a gravitational field, or density (Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/gravimetry. Accessed 6 Feb. 2023.) Gravimetric analysis measures the weight or concentration of a solid that has either formed from a precipitate or dissolved in a liquid. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_chemistry#Gravimetric_analysis; https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-bench-chemistry.htm).
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_chemistry#Gravimetric_analysis, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: gravimeticanalysis

2.1.1.4.5 Gutzeit test

Child of: wetchemistry
technique to detect arsenic, based on the reaction of arsenic gas with hydrogen ion to form yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper in presence of reducing agents like potassium iodide. It is also called as Gutzeit test and requires special apparatus. [not clear if this is quantitative or qualitative] (https://www.web- formulas.com/Formulas_of_Chemistry/Limit_Test_of_Arsenic.aspx; C.R. Sanger and O.F. Black, 1907, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 297-324.)
Alternate labels: ARSINE GUTZEIT REACTION
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: gutzeittest

2.1.1.4.6 Laser fluorination analysis

Child of: isotoperatiomassspectrometry wetchemistry
laser fluorination is a chemical process wherein oxygen is quantitatively extracted from oxygen-bearing compounds, without isotopic fractionation, and simultaneously converted to diatomic oxygen (O2) gas. This O2 gas may then be analyzed with isotope-ration mass spectrometer (IRMS) to determine its delta 17O and delta 18O ratios. (https://sil.uoregon.edu/laser-fluorination/)
Alternate labels: LASER FLUORINATION, Laser Assisted Fluorination for Bulk Oxygen Isotope Ratio Measurements,
Source: https://sil.uoregon.edu/laser-fluorination/, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: laserfluorinationanalysis

2.1.1.4.7 pH measurement

Child of: wetchemistry
Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in a liquid. Various techniques are used.
Concept URI token: phmeasurement

2.1.1.4.8 Radiochemical neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis wetchemistry
A method of NAA in which chemical separations are applied after the irradiation to separate activities of interest from interfering activities. (https://indico.cern.ch/event/716552/sessions/310934/attac hments/1848163/3033363/MonicaSisti_LRT2019.pdf slide 6, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiochemical- neutron-activation-analysis-rnaa; Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302). Components: 1) sample irradiation 2) chemical processing 3) gamma ray spectrometry
Alternate labels: destructive activation analysis
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiochemical-neutron-activation-analysis-rnaa,
Concept URI token: radiochemicalneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.1.4.9 Titration

Child of: wetchemistry
method to determine the concentration of an identified analyte, in which a reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, with known concentration and volume reacts with a solution of analyte (which may also be termed the titrand) to determine the analyte’s concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration)
Alternate labels: TITRATION ANALYSIS, VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS, VOLUMETRY,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: titration

2.1.2 Bioanalytical method

Child of: analyticalmethod
Analytical technique to determine biochemical properties of samples from living organisms, particularly related to genomics or ’omics in general.
Concept URI token: bioanalyticalmethod

2.1.2.1 DNA sequencing

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Determination of nucleotide sequence (the DNA primary structure). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: dnasequencing

2.1.2.2 Flow cytometry

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Laboratory technique to determine the amount of DNA in cells tagged by fluorescent dye by measuring the intensity of fluorescence under a laser beam. (USGS; https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus- full.php?thcode=2&code=400). More generally, a technique for examining populations of cells or particles by suspending them in a fluid and passing them through a tube (ideally each particle individually discernible), and probing with a laser or other excitation source that will identify the particles of interest so they can be counted.
Source: https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=2&code=400, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: flowcytometry

2.1.2.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. It uses fluorescent probes that only bind to those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence complementarity. Note: FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counselling, medicine, and species identification. FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: fluorescentinsituhybridization

2.1.2.4 Hybridization assay

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Assay with specifically designed single-stranded DNA probe with a defined (known) nucleotide sequence usually immobilized on a surface (in such a case, the nucleic acid probe is called the capture probe). Note: The probe is used as a recognition element to test for the nucleotide sequence within the target DNA in the sample solution. If target DNA contains a sequence complementary to the probe, a hybrid dsDNA is formed. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html). A type of Ligand Binding Assay (LBA) used to quantify nucleic acids in biological matrices. Hybridization assays can be in solution or on a solid support such as 96-well plates or labelled beads. Hybridization assays involve labelled nucleic acid probes to identify related DNA or RNA molecules (i.e. with significantly high degree of sequence similarity) within a complex mixture of unlabelled nucleic acid molecules. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_assay)
Alternate labels: DNA hybridization capture
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_assay, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: hybridizationassay

2.1.2.5 Next generation sequencing

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Determination of nucleotide sequence (the DNA primary structure) using non-Sanger-based high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies where millions of DNA strands can be sequenced in parallel. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html)
Alternate labels: Massive parallel sequencing, Massively parallel sequencing, Second generation sequencing,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: nextgenerationsequencing

2.1.2.6 Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Polymerase chain reaction to quantify target nucleotide sequences of interest. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html). Quantitative PCR adds two elements to the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process: 1)Fluorescent dye and 2) Fluorometer. These two elements turn qPCR to a measurement technique in its own right. The fluorometer detects fluorescence in real time as the thermal cycler runs, giving readings throughout the amplification process of the PCR. As a result, quantitative PCR is also called real-time PCR or RT-PCR. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is- qpcr/)
Alternate labels: DNA amplification, DNA enrichment, Quantitative PCR,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-qpcr/,
Concept URI token: quantitativepolymerasechainreaction

2.1.2.7 Sanger sequencing

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Method for determining nucleotide sequence of DNA based on incorporating chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. Note: The method is named after Frederick Sanger (1918–2013, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 and 1980). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html)
Alternate labels: Chain termination sequencing
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: sangersequencing

2.1.2.8 Shotgun method

Child of: bioanalyticalmethod
Method used for determining the order of bases in long DNA using sequencing of DNA broken up randomly into numerous small segments. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://www.degruyter.com/database/IUPAC/entry/iupac.90.0262/html)
Alternate labels: Shot gun sequencing
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: shotgunmethod

2.1.3 Chromatography analysis

Child of: analyticalmethod
a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the stationary phase is fixed. The different constituents of the mixture travel at different apparent velocities in the mobile fluid, causing them to separate. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. The purpose of chromatography analysis is to establish the presence or measure the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The result is a chromatogram (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography
Concept URI token: chromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.1 Gas chromatography analysis

Child of: chromatographyanalysis
A chromatography analysis in which the mobile phase is a gas. Subclasses are differentiated on the sample preparation workflow (e.g. pyrolysis) and the type of detector used to analyze the eluates. This vocabulary does not define an exhaustive set of subclasses.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: gaschromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.1.1 Combustion gas chromatography

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis
Method in which an analytical sample is decomposed by heating in an oxygen atmosphere to induce combustion, and analyzing the combustion products by gas chromatography
Source: https://doi.org/10.1021/ed046p441
Concept URI token: combustiongaschromatography

2.1.3.1.1.1 Combustion gas chromatography isotopic ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: combustiongaschromatography gaschromatographymassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Technique used to ascertain the relative ratio of light stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C), hydrogen (2H/1H), nitrogen (15N/14N) or oxygen (18O/160) in individual compounds separated from often complex mixtures of components. The sample solution is injected into the gas chromatography (GC) inlet where it is vaporized and swept onto a chromatographic column by the carrier gas (usually helium). The sample flows through the column and the compounds comprising the mixture of interest are separated by virtue of their relative interaction with the coating of the column (stationary phase) and the carrier gas (mobile phase). Carbon and nitrogen compounds eluting from the chromatographic column then pass through a combustion reactor (an alumina tube containing Cu, Ni and Pt wires maintained at 940 degree

where they are oxidatively combusted. This is followed by a reduction reactor (an alumina tube containing three Cu wires maintained at 600 degree C) to reduce any nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. For hydrogen and oxygen a high temperature thermal conversion reactor is required. Water is then removed in a water separator by passing the gas stream through a tube constructed from a water permeable nafion membrane. The sample is then introduced into the ion source of the mass analyzer by an open split interface, and particles with m/z ratios of interest are counted by detectors.

Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: combustiongaschromatographyisotopicratiomassspectrometry

2.1.3.1.2 Gas chromatography flame ionization detection

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis
A gas chromatography method that uses a flame ionization detector (FID) to measure the concentration of organic species in a gas stream emerging from the column. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, NASA,
Concept URI token: gaschromatographyflameionizationdetection

2.1.3.1.2.1 Pyrolysis gas chromatography flame ionization detection

Child of: gaschromatographyflameionizationdetection pyrolysisgaschromatography
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography that uses a flame ionization detector (FID) to measure the concentration of organic species in a gas stream emerging from the column. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographyflameionizationdetection

2.1.3.1.3 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis massspectrometry
Technique by which a mixture is separated into individual components by gas chromatography, followed by detection with a mass spectrometer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: gaschromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.3.1.3.1 Combustion gas chromatography isotopic ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: combustiongaschromatography gaschromatographymassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Technique used to ascertain the relative ratio of light stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C), hydrogen (2H/1H), nitrogen (15N/14N) or oxygen (18O/160) in individual compounds separated from often complex mixtures of components. The sample solution is injected into the gas chromatography (GC) inlet where it is vaporized and swept onto a chromatographic column by the carrier gas (usually helium). The sample flows through the column and the compounds comprising the mixture of interest are separated by virtue of their relative interaction with the coating of the column (stationary phase) and the carrier gas (mobile phase). Carbon and nitrogen compounds eluting from the chromatographic column then pass through a combustion reactor (an alumina tube containing Cu, Ni and Pt wires maintained at 940 degree

where they are oxidatively combusted. This is followed by a reduction reactor (an alumina tube containing three Cu wires maintained at 600 degree C) to reduce any nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. For hydrogen and oxygen a high temperature thermal conversion reactor is required. Water is then removed in a water separator by passing the gas stream through a tube constructed from a water permeable nafion membrane. The sample is then introduced into the ion source of the mass analyzer by an open split interface, and particles with m/z ratios of interest are counted by detectors.

Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: combustiongaschromatographyisotopicratiomassspectrometry

2.1.3.1.3.2 Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: gaschromatographymassspectrometry pyrolysisgaschromatography
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gas phase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06).
Alternate labels: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.3.1.4 Gas chromatography thermal conductivity detection

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis
A gas chromatography method that uses a Thermal Conductivity Detector to analyze inorganic gases (Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.) and small hydrocarbon molecules emerging from the chromatography column. The TCD compares the thermal conductivity of two gas flows - the pure carrier (reference) gas and the sample. Changes in the temperature of the electrically-heated wires in the detector are affected by the thermal conductivity of the gas which flows around this. The changes in this thermal conductivity are sensed as a change in electrical resistance and are measured. (NASA; UUID: f54fd6d0-9705-4f45-8c78-7eaba058b1b6)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, NASA,
Concept URI token: gaschromatographythermalconductivitydetection

2.1.3.1.5 Pyrolysis gas chromatography

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis
Chromatography in which an analytical sample is thermally decomposed to smaller fragments before entering the column.
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111, L. S. Ettre. Pure Appl. Chem.65, 819, (1993); https://doi.org/10.1351/pac1993650408191.5.02. 1.6.11.1,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatography

2.1.3.1.5.1 Pyrolysis gas chromatography flame ionization detection

Child of: gaschromatographyflameionizationdetection pyrolysisgaschromatography
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography that uses a flame ionization detector (FID) to measure the concentration of organic species in a gas stream emerging from the column. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographyflameionizationdetection

2.1.3.1.5.2 Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: gaschromatographymassspectrometry pyrolysisgaschromatography
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gas phase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06).
Alternate labels: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.3.2 Liquid chromatography analysis

Child of: chromatographyanalysis
A chromatography analysis in which the mobile phase is a liquid
Alternate labels: HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: liquidchromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.2.1 Ion chromatography analysis

Child of: liquidchromatographyanalysis
liquid chromatography analysis using conductivity detectors where a combination of weak ionic solvents are used to separate anions and cations of a solution, with the contribution of the solvent to conductivity suppressed just prior to detection; measures anions such as sulfate, nitrate, and chloride in hydrometers. Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences in the ion-exchange affinities of the sample components. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)
Alternate labels: Ion chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, NASA,
Concept URI token: ionchromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.2.1.1 Anion chromatography analysis

Child of: ionchromatographyanalysis
Anion-exchange chromatography is when the stationary phase is positively charged and negatively charged molecules are loaded to be attracted to it. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: anionchromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.2.1.2 Cation chromatography analysis

Child of: ionchromatographyanalysis
Cation-exchange chromatography is used when the molecule of interest is positively charged. The molecule is positively charged because the pH for chromatography is less than the pI (a/k/a pH(I)). In this type of chromatography, the stationary phase is negatively charged and positively charged molecules are loaded to be attracted to it. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography
Concept URI token: cationchromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.2.1.3 Gradient ion chromatography analysis

Child of: ionchromatographyanalysis
By varying the concentration of the eluant, ions with widely differing affinities for the separator resin can be eluted in one run (https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Technical- Notes/tn-19-ic-gradient-elution-lpn032834-en.pdf). Components: 1) sample prep: load sample in solution; 2) elution - column, vary concentration of eluent; 3) detection- not specified
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb
Concept URI token: gradientionchromatographyanalysis

2.1.3.2.2 Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: liquidchromatographyanalysis massspectrometry
technique used to separate, detect, identify, and quantify components of a complex mixture. The solid sample is extracted in a solvent to pull out soluble target compounds; this creates both a solid residue and a liquid extract. The extract can be subjected to additional procedures, for cleanup or exposure to acid vapor to break apart large molecules. The final extracted solution is injected into the LC, which separates compounds in the solution and then passes them into the MS, where their mass spectra are measured. Each time point on the chromatogram is linked to a mass spectrum from which the most intense signals are fragmented at defined CID (colision induced dissociation) energy. The combination of retention time (i.e., how long it takes for the compound to pass through the LC) and mass spectrum allows for identification of the compounds when compared to standards. The LC-MS-MS converted data is in a unversal format of data called mzML and used internationally in LC-MS-MS analytical community of small molecules, peptides to proteins. mzML is a universal Mass spectrometry format. xml namespace =http://psi.hupo.org/ms/mzml; schema location http://psidev.info/files/ms/mzML/xsd/mzML1.1.0.xsd
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: liquidchromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.3.2.3 Liquid chromatography organic carbon detection

Child of: liquidchromatographyanalysis
Liquid chromatography – organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) is an analytical technique for identification and quantification of natural organic matter (NOM) constituents in aquatic environments and water- soluble synthetic organic matter in water.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox
Concept URI token: liquidchromatographyorganiccarbondetection

2.1.4 Electrochemical techniques

Child of: analyticalmethod
Techniques that use electron movement in an oxidation or reduction reaction at a polarized electrode surface to determine chemical properties of an analyte. Each analyte is oxidized or reduced at a specific potential and the current measured is proportional to concentration. Electrochemistry is widely used for measurement of a wide range of analytes. (Bhavik A. Patel, in Electrochemistry for Bioanalysis, 2020)
Concept URI token: electrochemicaltechniques

2.1.4.1 Amperometry

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Technique based on measurement of current at a controlled applied potential. Application: monitoring of carbon monoxide in air, dissolved oxygen in water (Clark electrode), glucose in blood (glucose electrode). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109).
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: amperometry

2.1.4.2 Coulometrical analysis

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Coulometry uses either an applied current or potential to exhaustively convert an analyte from one oxidation state to another at the working electrode. In these experiments, the total current passed is measured directly or indirectly to determine the number of electrons passed. Knowing the number of electrons passed, extract the concentration of the analyte (Timothee Houssin, … Vincent Senez, in Waterborne Pathogens (Second Edition), 2021)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: coulometricalanalysis

2.1.4.3 Electrical conductivity measurement

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Methods used to measure the electrical conductivity of a sample in an electrochemistry cell.
Concept URI token: electricalconductivitymeasurement

2.1.4.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
tool to investigate properties of materials and electrode reactions. the response of the system (ionic solution and electrodes) to a potential or current sinusoidal perturbation is studied as a function of the frequency, which is swept over a few decades. The frequency sweep enables access to all processes taking place at the electrode: charge transfer and mass transport. Any other electrical contribution and artefacts are visible with EIS. (https://www.biologic.net/topics/what-is-eis/). Electrochemical impedance is the response of an electrochemical system (cell) to an applied potential. The frequency dependence of this impedance can reveal underlying chemical processes. (https://www.jlab.org/conference s/tfsrf/Thursday/Th2_1-EIS%20intro%20Reece.pdf)
Alternate labels: IMPEDANCE ELECTROCHEMICAL SPECTROSCOPY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://www.biologic.net/topics/what-is-eis/, https://www.jlab.org/conferences/tfsrf/Thursday/Th2_1-EIS%20intro%20Reece.pdf,
Concept URI token: electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy

2.1.4.5 Potentiometry

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Technique in which the potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode is measured. Application: gas- sensing electrodes (e.g., for CO2, NH3, NOx), determination of oxygen in the gas phase (lambda probe) or ions in water solutions (pH sensitive electrodes, ion-sensitive electrodes). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109).
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: potentiometry

2.1.4.5.1 Ion sensitive electrode analysis

Child of: potentiometry
measurements of the potential of ion-selective electrodes is used to determine activity (not concentration) of ions. Such electrodes are relatively free from interference and provide a rapid and convenient means for quantitative estimations of numerous important anions and cations. The method is based on measuring the potential of electrochemical cells without drawing appreciable current. (Skoog, Holler, & Crouch, p. 601; https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anal ytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barro n)/01%3A_Elemental_Analysis/1.07%3A_Ion_Selective_Electrode_Analysis)
Alternate labels: ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE
Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/01%3A_Elemental_Analysis/1.07%3A_Ion_Selective_Electrode_Analysis, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: ionsensitiveelectrodeanalysis

2.1.4.6 Redox potential measurement

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Redox potential is an electrical measurement that shows the tendency of a solution to transfer electrons to or from a reference electrode. From this measurement we can estimate whether the sample is aerobic, anaerobic, and whether chemical compounds such as Fe oxides or nitrate have been chemically reduced or are present in their oxidized forms. The redox potential is used to describe a system’s overall reducing or oxidizing capacity. The redox potential is measured in millivolts (mV) relative to a standard hydrogen electrode and is commonly measured using a platinum electrode with a saturated calomel electrode as reference.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, DFG,
Concept URI token: redoxpotentialmeasurement

2.1.4.7 Voltammetry

Child of: electrochemicaltechniques
Voltammetry is based on the measurement of the current that develops in an electrochemical cell under conditions where concentration polarization exists. Voltammetry comprises a group of electroanalytical methods in which information about the analyte is obtained by measuring current as a function of applied potential under conditions that promote polarization of an indicator, or working, electrode. [Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 653).
Alternate labels: INVERSION VOLT-AMPEROMETRY, VOLTAMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: voltammetry

2.1.4.7.1 Polarography

Child of: voltammetry
A type of voltammetry in which the working electrode is a unique dropping mercury electrode. Voltammetry is based on the measurement of the current that develops in an electrochemical cell under conditions where concentration polarization exists. At one time, polarography was an important tool for the determination of inorganic ions and certain organic species in aqueous solutions. Many of these analytical applications have been replaced by spectroscopic methods, and polarography became a less-important method of analysis except for certain special applications, such as the determination of molecular oxygen in solutions. (Skoog et al, p. 653, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarography, https://unacademy.com/content/nta-ugc/study-material/pharmaceutical- analysis/polarography/)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarography, https://unacademy.com/content/nta-ugc/study-material/pharmaceutical-analysis/polarography/, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: polarography

2.1.5 Electron diffraction

Child of: analyticalmethod
Electron diffraction is a technique that allows determination of the crystal structure of materials. When the electron beam is projected onto a specimen, its crystal lattice acts as a diffraction grating, scattering the electrons in a predictable manner, and resulting in a diffraction pattern. Electron diffraction patterns are mainly contributed by elastic scattering. (X Zhou, G.E. Thompson, in Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2017)
Concept URI token: electrondiffraction

2.1.5.1 Electron backscatter diffraction

Child of: electrondiffraction
a flat/polished crystalline specimen is placed in the SEM chamber at a highly tilted angle (~70degree from horizontal) towards the diffraction camera, to increase the contrast in the resultant electron backscatter diffraction pattern. The phosphor screen is located within the specimen chamber of the SEM at an angle of approximately 90degree to the pole piece and is coupled to a compact lens which focuses the image from the phosphor screen onto the CCD camera. In this configuration, some of the electrons which enter the sample backscatter and may escape. As these electrons leave the sample, they may exit at the Bragg condition related to the spacing of the periodic atomic lattice planes of the crystalline structure and diffract. These diffracted electrons can escape the material and some will collide and excite the phosphor causing it to fluoresce. Acquired with EMPA, SEM, TEM
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, DFG,
Concept URI token: electronbackscatterdiffraction

2.1.5.2 Transmitted electron diffraction

Child of: electrondiffraction
In a transmission electron microscope, the electron beam passes through a thin film of the examined material. As it interacts with the sample, part of the beam is diffracted and part is transmitted through the sample without changing its direction. Below the sample, the beam is controlled by another set of magnetic lens and apertures. Each set of initially parallel rays is focused by the first lens Objective (optics) to a certain point in the back focal plane of the first lens, forming a spot. The location of these spots is related to the interplanar distance in the sample. Other lenses below the sample can be used to produce a magnified image of the spots for all the different directions that the electrons leave the sample, a diffraction pattern. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffract ion#In_a_transmission_electron_microscope)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction#In_a_transmission_electron_microscope, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: transmittedelectrondiffraction

2.1.6 Elemental analysis

Child of: analyticalmethod
Technique to quantify carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and sometimes other elements by heating the sample at very high temperature (pyrolysis) in oxygen or oxygen free atmosphere, and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. The products typically undergo some chemical refinement, with the final product analyzed by mass spectrometry or infrared/optical spectroscopy. Usually used for samples including organic material. (http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB01; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_analysis).
Alternate labels: MICROSCOPE VACUUM HEATING STAGE
Source: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB01, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_analysis, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: elementalanalysis

2.1.6.1 Elemental analysis infrared spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysis
Technique that uses an elemental analyzer (typically a pyrolysis process to extract volatile components in the sample) to extract the aliquots (typically as gas) to be analyzed using infrared spectrometry.
Alternate labels: Direct Mercury Analyzer, INFRARED QUANTIFICATION AND HIGH TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION ANALYSIS,
Concept URI token: elementalanalysisinfraredspectrometry

2.1.6.2 Elemental analysis mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysis massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry method that uses an elemental analyzer (typically a pyrolysis process to extract volatile components in the sample) to extract the aliquots (typically as gas) to be atomized and passed to the mass analyzer.
Alternate labels: Elemental analyzer mass spectrometry
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: elementalanalysismassspectrometry

2.1.6.2.1 Continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Isotope-Ratio mass spectrometry that extracts analytes from a sample using elemental analyzer with a contintuous flow of gas to be atomized, ionized and passed to the mass analyzer. Components: 1) elemental analyzer; 2) continuous flow input. 3) mass analyzer 4) detectors. Analyzed aliquots are gas.
Alternate labels: ELEMENTAL ANALYSER CONTINUOUS FLOW ISOTOPIC RATIO MASS SPECTROMETER, ELEMENTAL ANALYZER CONTINUOUS-FLOW ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: continuousflowisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.6.2.2 Elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer which is coupled with an elemental analyzer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06). Isotope and chemical analysis of H, C, N, O and S in a sample. (OSIRIS-REx confluence)
Alternate labels: Elemental analyzer - isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: elementalanalysisisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.7 Geochronology techiques

Child of: analyticalmethod
Analytical techniques that have results interpreted to indicate the time interval since some event occurred in the history of a sample. Typically used to estimate crystallization ages, cooling ages (thermochronology), or exposure ages.
Concept URI token: geochronology

2.1.7.1 Alpha recoil track counting

Child of: geochronology trackcounting
Like fission-track dating, alpha-recoil track (ART) dating is based on the accumulation of nuclear particles that are released by natural radioactivity and produce etchable tracks in solids. ARTs are formed during the alpha-decay of uranium and thorium as well as of their daughter nuclei. When emitting an alpha-particle, the heavy remaining nucleus recoils 30-40 nm, leaving behind a trail of radiation damage. Through etching the ART tracks become visible with interference phase- contrast microscopy. Alpha-recoil dating has a great potential for Quaternary chronometry and tephrochronology. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00185-0)
Alternate labels: ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS DATING
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00185-0, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: alpharecoiltrackcounting

2.1.7.2 Electron spin resonance age analysis

Child of: geochronology
a technique used to date materials by measuring the amount of unpaired electrons in crystalline structures that were previously exposed to natural radiation. The age of a substance can be determined by measuring the dosage of radiation since the time of its formation. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance_dating). electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance)
Alternate labels: ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE AGE
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance_dating, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: electronspinresonanceageanalysis

2.1.7.3 Fission track counting

Child of: geochronology trackcounting
Fission track age with correction applied for partial annealing using Isothermal plateau correction (https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90017-V)
Alternate labels: FISSION TRACK, ISOTHERMAL PLATEAU FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90017-V, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: fissiontrackcounting

2.1.7.4 40Ar-39Ar geochronology

Child of: geochronology
determination of cooling age of a sample through one of several workflows. All the workflows involve irradiating the sample to produce Ar39 from K39, and then measuring the ratio of Ar40 to Ar39 in the irradiated sample. The Ar39 is a proxy for the potassium concentration, allowing determination of the temporal duration of K decay to accumulate radiogenic Ar since cooling of the sample below argon retention temperature.
Alternate labels: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and thermochronology
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: geochronology40ar39ar

2.1.8 Imaging techniques

Child of: analyticalmethod
Methods that produce 2-D or 3-D rasters that contain information about a sample, with data points that are spatially related to points on in the sample.
Concept URI token: imagingtechniques

2.1.8.1 AFM topography imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques surfaceanalysis
a sharp probe tip mounted on a microcantilever scans over the specimen line by line, whereby the topographic image of the sample surface is generated by ‘feeling’ rather than ‘looking.’ (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_496). As the tip approaches the surface, the close-range, attractive forces between the surface and the tip causes the cantilever to deflect towards the surface. However, as the cantilever is brought even closer to the surface, until the tip makes contact with it, increasingly repulsive forces takes over and causes the cantilever to deflect away from the surface. (https://lnf- wiki.eecs.umich.edu/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_496, https://lnf-wiki.eecs.umich.edu/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: afmtopographyimaging

2.1.8.2 Atom probe tomography

Child of: imagingtechniques
To conduct an atom probe experiment a very sharp needle shaped specimen is placed in an ultra high vacuum chamber. After introduction into the vacuum system, the sample is reduced to cryogenic temperatures (typically 20-100 K) and manipulated such that the needle’s point is aimed towards an ion detector. A high voltage is applied to the specimen, and either a laser pulse is applied to the specimen or a voltage pulse (typically 1-2 kV) with pulse repetition rates in the hundreds of kilohertz range is applied to a counter electrode. The application of the pulse to the sample allows for individual atoms at the sample surface to be ejected as an ion from the sample surface at a known time. Typically the pulse amplitude and the high voltage on the specimen are computer controlled to encourage only one atom to ionize at a time, but multiple ionizations are possible. The delay between application of the pulse and detection of the ion(s) at the detector allow for the computation of a mass-to- charge ratio. The method is destructive in nature removing ions from a sample surface in order to image and identify them, generating magnifications sufficient to observe individual atoms as they are removed from the sample surface. Through coupling of this magnification method with time of flight mass spectrometry, ions evaporated by application of electric pulses can have their mass-to- charge ratio computed. Through successive evaporation of material, layers of atoms are removed from a specimen, allowing for probing not only of the surface, but also through the material itself.The instrument allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of up to billions of atoms from a sharp tip (corresponding to specimen volumes of 10,000-10,000,000 nm3). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_probe)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_probe, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: atomprobetomography

2.1.8.3 Cathodoluminescence imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques
In a vacuum chamber containing the sample of interest, an electron beam is focused on the sample, causing cathodoluminescence (CL), the generation of electromagnetic radiation ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) regime of the electromagnetic spectrum. The light is collected with a collection optic (e.g. mirror or objective) and directed to a light detection unit, or directly captured by a detector in the chamber. This detector output is used to characterize various aspects of the light signal such as its intensity, color, and more. Many trace elements or dopants can be sensitively detected with CL because they have different optical transitions than the bulk materials they are embedded in. It is possible to look at crystal defects as these can alter the local optical properties of the material. CL can also image optical resonances and guided modes in a range of (resonant) photonic and plasmonic systems. (https://www.delmic.com/en/techniques/cathodoluminescence)
Alternate labels: High resolution cathodoluminescence
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://www.delmic.com/en/techniques/cathodoluminescence,
Concept URI token: cathodoluminescenceimaging

2.1.8.4 Electron microscopy imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques particlebeamexcitation
Technique that produces images by scanning an electron beam over a sample surface and measureing the intensity of electrons emitted from or transmitted through the sample.
Alternate labels: ANAYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: electronmicroscopyimaging

2.1.8.4.1 Backscattered electron grain boundary imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Image showing grain boundaries generated by detecting crytallographic orientation changes in a raster of backscattered electron diffraction data points.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: backscatteredelectrongrainboundarymap

2.1.8.4.2 Backscattered electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Techniques that involve bombarding a sample with an accelerated electron beam to produce backscattered electrons. An image is formed by scanning the beam in a raster across the sample surface and measuring the intensity (count?) of backscattered electrons at each sample point. BSEs are reflected back after elastic interactions between the beam and the sample. BSE images show high sensitivity to differences in atomic number; the higher the atomic number, the brighter the material appears in the image. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types- electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/)
Alternate labels: Backscatter electron microscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: backscatteredelectronimaging

2.1.8.4.3 Secondary electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Techniques that involve bombarding a sample with an accelerated electron or ion beam to produce secondary electrons. An image is formed by scanning the beam in a raster across the sample surface and measuring the intensity (count?) of secondary electrons emitted at each sample point. Secondary electrons are a result of inelastic interactions between the excitation beam and atoms in the sample; they originate from the surface region of the sample. Secondary electron imaging can provide detailed surface information. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types- electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/)
Alternate labels: Secondary electron microscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types-electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/,
Concept URI token: secondaryelectronimaging

2.1.8.4.4 Transmission electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. Multiple operating modes based on electron imaging include conventional imaging, scanning TEM imaging (STEM), and electron diffraction. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy)
Alternate labels: Transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: transmissionelectronimaging

2.1.8.4.4.1 Energy-filtered transmission electron imaging

Child of: transmissionelectronimaging
The principle is to illuminate a very thin specimen with a beam of high energy electrons. Some of these electrons will interact with the specimen and result in elastic or inelastic scattering. Inelastic scattering results in both a loss of energy and a change in momentum, which in the case of inner shell ionization, the energy loss is characteristic of the element the electron interacted with. After the electron energy loss spectrum forms in the energy filter, an adjustable energy slit allows only electrons that have not lost energy to pass through to form the image. This is known as zero-loss filtering. The filtering prevents inelastically scattered electrons from contributing to the image plus enhances contrast image and resolution. In addition to zero-loss filtering, you can adjust the system to select electrons that have lost a specific amount of energy to obtain additional contrast effects and compositionally sensitive images. (https://eels.info/about/techniques/eftem)
Alternate labels: Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://eels.info/about/techniques/eftem, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: energyfilteredtransmissionelectronimaging

2.1.8.4.4.2 Scanning transmission electron imaging

Child of: transmissionelectronimaging
In STEM the electron beam is focused to a fine spot (with the typical spot size 0.05 – 0.2 nm) which is then scanned over the sample in a raster illumination system constructed so that the sample is illuminated at each point with the beam parallel to the optical axis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy). In TEM parallel electron beams are focused perpendicular to the sample plane, in STEM the beam is focused at a large angle and is converged into a focal point. The transmitted signal is collected as a function of the beam location as it is rastered across the sample. There are multiple detectors for STEM imaging: 1) BF (bright-field) detector: small angles (0-10 mrad). These images are similar to the bright-field images obtained using TEM; 2) ADF (annular dark-field ) detector: larger angles (10-50 mrad); 3) HAADF (high-angle annular dark-field) detector: Angles greater than 50mrad. (https://chem.libretexts.org/Cou rses/Franklin_and_Marshall_College/Introduction_to_Materials_Character ization_CHM_412_Collaborative_Text/Electron_and_Probe_Microscopy/Tran smission_electron_microscopy(TEM)%3A_TEM_versus_STEM_and_HAADF )
Alternate labels: Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: scanningtransmissionelectronimaging

2.1.8.5 Focused ion beam scanning microscopy

Child of: imagingtechniques particlebeamexcitation
Production of images by scanning an ion beam in a raster across a sample surface and detecting secondary or backscattered electrons from each point to generate an image. Instrument used is typically an electron microscope that has an additional ion beam excitation source.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: focusedionbeamscanningmicroscopy

2.1.8.6 Quantitative reflectance imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques
Images acquired for a particular spectral channel [need more information]
Alternate labels: Quantitative reflectance imaging system
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: quantitativereflectanceimagingsystem

2.1.8.7 Structured light scanning

Child of: imagingtechniques
Determination of the three-dimensional shape of an object using projected light patterns, a camera system, and digital processing. The light source from the scanner head projects a series of parallel patterns onto the scan target. When light projects onto the object’s surface, the patterns become distorted. The cameras capture these images and send them to the 3D scanning software for processing.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: structuredlightscanning

2.1.8.8 Visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques
Visualization of infrared spectra data collected at a raster of points on a sample surface by selecting particular spectral intervals normalizing and mapping the measured intensity in the interval to an image channel; gray scale image based on a single spectral interval, color image with three intervals mapped to R,G,B channels.
Alternate labels: Visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared (VNMIR) 2D spectral raster SwRI micro-FTIR
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: visiblenearinfraredandmidinfraredimaging

2.1.8.9 X-ray imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques
As X-rays pass through an object, X-rays of a particular wavelength are attentuated more or less depending on the materials through which the X-rays pass and the thickness of the material. The attenuation of X-rays passing through the object makes a ‘shadow pattern’ which can be captured for study on photographic film, or by a reusable phosphor screen which can be read by a digital scanner, or directly by a digital detector. The resulting X-radiographs enable visualizing features hidden below an object’s surface. The different attenuation values can also be used to distinguish between materials which look the same under visible light but have different X-ray absorptions. (https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/research/area/conserving- collections/examination-documentation/x-radiography)
Alternate labels: X-RADIOGRAPHY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/research/area/conserving-collections/examination-documentation/x-radiography,
Concept URI token: xrayimaging

2.1.8.9.1 Microscopic X-ray imaging

Child of: xrayimaging
Technique uses electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects. Since X-rays penetrate most objects, there is no need to specially prepare them for X-ray microscopy observations. Because X-rays do not reflect or refract easily and are invisible to the human eye an X-ray microscope exposes film or uses a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector to detect X-rays that pass through the specimen. It is a contrast imaging technology using the difference in absorption of soft X-rays in the water window region (wavelengths: 2.34-4.4 nm, energies: 280-530 eV) by the carbon atom (main element composing the living cell) and the oxygen atom (an element of water). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_microscope)
Alternate labels: X-RAY MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_microscope, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat,
Concept URI token: microscopicxrayimaging

2.1.8.9.2 X-ray computed tomography

Child of: xrayimaging
2D Radiograph collected as a stack of planar surfaces by focusing X-rays at progressively greater depth throught the sample. The stack is then used for the reconstruction process to create a 3D volume.
Alternate labels: X-ray computed micro-tomography (XCMT)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: xraycomputedtomography

2.1.8.9.2.1 Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence tomography

Child of: synchrotonxrayfluorescencespectrometry xraycomputedtomography
X-ray flourescence spectrometery focused to extract inforamtion from inside the volume of a sample, with X-rays sourced from a synchrotron.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: synchrotronxrayfluorescencetomography

2.1.8.9.3 X-ray composition map

Child of: xrayimaging
image produced using composition data derived from X-ray spectra analysis at a raster of points on a sample surface. Might be based on EDS or WDS data
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: xraymap

2.1.8.9.3.1 Energy dispersive X-ray spectral data 2D raster

Child of: xraymap
production of composition-related images by selecting particular X-ray wavelength intervals from a set of EDS spectra acquired in a raster on a sample surface. If one wavelenth interval is rpresented, get gray scale image. Can combine data from 3 intervals to generate more informative RGB images.
Alternate labels: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectral data (EDS) - 2D raster
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: energydispersivexrayspectraraster

2.1.8.10 X-ray photoelectron spectrometry composition mapping

Child of: imagingtechniques
Technique based on irradiation of the sample surface with monochromatic X-radiation (Skoog, Holler, Crouch p540) resulting in emission of electrons. The emitted electron energy spectra are obtained and chemical states are inferred from the measurement of the kinetic energy and the number of the ejected electrons. A typical XPS spectrum is a plot of the number of electrons detected at a specific binding energy. Each element produces a set of characteristic XPS peaks. Image produced from a raster of X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer data, with image channels mapped to 1 or three characteristic energy peaks.
Alternate labels: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) elemental/chemical maps
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch
Concept URI token: xrayphotoelectronspectroscopycompositionmap

2.1.9 Magnetic field measurement

Child of: analyticalmethod
Techniques for measuring magnetic field. [TBD–what are the actual techniques…]
Concept URI token: magneticfieldmeasurement

2.1.10 Microscopy

Child of: analyticalmethod
Observation of samples using visible light optical systems
Concept URI token: microscopy

2.1.10.1 Fluorescence microscopy

Child of: microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is capable of imaging the distribution of a single molecular species based solely on the properties of fluorescence emission. Thus, using fluorescence microscopy, the precise location of intracellular components labeled with specific fluorophores can be monitored, as well as their associated diffusion coefficients, transport characteristics, and interactions with other biomolecules. In addition, the dramatic response in fluorescence to localized environmental variables enables the investigation of pH, viscosity, refractive index, ionic concentrations, membrane potential, and solvent polarity in living cells and tissues. Fluorescence is the property of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a particular wavelength and to subsequently emit light of longer wavelength after a brief interval, termed the fluorescence lifetime. http://micro.magnet .fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorhome.html
Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorhome.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, NASA,
Concept URI token: fluorescencemicroscopy

2.1.10.2 Visible light microscopy

Child of: microscopy
observation of samples at high magnification using transmitted or reflected light in human-visible part of the spectrum.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: visiblelightmicroscopy

2.1.10.2.1 Point counting

Child of: other visiblelightmicroscopy
method to determine the proportion of an area that is covered by some objects of interest. In most cases the area is a thin section or a polished slab. The basic method is to cover the area by a grid of points. Then for each of these points, the underlying object is identified. Then the estimate for the proportion of the area covered by the type of object is based on the fraction of points assigned to that object type. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_counting_(geology) ). The data are typically collected using a microscope.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_counting_(geology), https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: pointcounting

2.1.11 Other

Child of: analyticalmethod
Techniques that don’t fit in other categories.
Concept URI token: other

2.1.11.1 Moisture analysis

Child of: other
[might be: ]The Model 510 Moisture Analyzer (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.) the sensing element is a quartz crystal coated with a hygroscopic material. The resonant frequency of such a crystal depends on the crystal mass (King, 1964). The mass (and, hence, resonant frequency) changes with the adsorption of moisture. A typical sensitivity factor is about 1 Hz per A thickness of added material. Two crystals are alternately exposed to sample air and dry air. The frequency difference between the two is indicated on the analyzer scale in parts per million (ppm) water vapor by volume. (https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_138.pdf)
Alternate labels: DUPONT SOLID’S MOISTURE ANALYSIS
Source: https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_138.pdf, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: moistureanalysis

2.1.11.2 Particle size distribution analysis

Child of: other
Estimation of a particle size distribution by measuring diameter of a set of grains spread on a sample platter.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: particlesizedistributionanalysis

2.1.11.3 Point counting

Child of: other visiblelightmicroscopy
method to determine the proportion of an area that is covered by some objects of interest. In most cases the area is a thin section or a polished slab. The basic method is to cover the area by a grid of points. Then for each of these points, the underlying object is identified. Then the estimate for the proportion of the area covered by the type of object is based on the fraction of points assigned to that object type. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_counting_(geology) ). The data are typically collected using a microscope.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_counting_(geology), https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: pointcounting

2.1.12 Particle beam excitation

Child of: analyticalmethod
Analytical techniques that involve exposing the sample to a beam of accelerated particles (ions or electrons), and detecting and measureing radiation or emitted particles resulting from interaction of the beam with the sample.
Concept URI token: particlebeamexcitation

2.1.12.1 Electron energy loss spectrometry

Child of: electronspectrometry particlebeamexcitation
a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies. Some of the electrons will undergo inelastic scattering, which means that they lose energy and have their paths slightly and randomly deflected. The amount of energy loss can be measured via an electron spectrometer and interpreted in terms of what caused the energy loss. With some care, and looking at a wide range of energy losses, one can determine the types of atoms, and the numbers of atoms of each type, being struck by the beam. The scattering angle (that is, the amount that the electron’s path is deflected) can also be measured, giving information about the dispersion relation of whatever material excitation caused the inelastic scattering. Most common approach today is transmission EELS, in which the incident electrons pass entirely through the material sample. Usually this occurs in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), although some dedicated systems exist which enable extreme resolution in terms of energy and momentum transfer at the expense of spatial resolution. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy, https://eels.info/about/techniques/eels-0)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy
Concept URI token: electronenergylossspectrometry

2.1.12.2 Electron microscopy imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques particlebeamexcitation
Technique that produces images by scanning an electron beam over a sample surface and measureing the intensity of electrons emitted from or transmitted through the sample.
Alternate labels: ANAYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: electronmicroscopyimaging

2.1.12.2.1 Backscattered electron grain boundary imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Image showing grain boundaries generated by detecting crytallographic orientation changes in a raster of backscattered electron diffraction data points.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: backscatteredelectrongrainboundarymap

2.1.12.2.2 Backscattered electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Techniques that involve bombarding a sample with an accelerated electron beam to produce backscattered electrons. An image is formed by scanning the beam in a raster across the sample surface and measuring the intensity (count?) of backscattered electrons at each sample point. BSEs are reflected back after elastic interactions between the beam and the sample. BSE images show high sensitivity to differences in atomic number; the higher the atomic number, the brighter the material appears in the image. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types- electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/)
Alternate labels: Backscatter electron microscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: backscatteredelectronimaging

2.1.12.2.3 Secondary electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
Techniques that involve bombarding a sample with an accelerated electron or ion beam to produce secondary electrons. An image is formed by scanning the beam in a raster across the sample surface and measuring the intensity (count?) of secondary electrons emitted at each sample point. Secondary electrons are a result of inelastic interactions between the excitation beam and atoms in the sample; they originate from the surface region of the sample. Secondary electron imaging can provide detailed surface information. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types- electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/)
Alternate labels: Secondary electron microscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/sem-signal-types-electrons-and-the-information-they-provide/,
Concept URI token: secondaryelectronimaging

2.1.12.2.4 Transmission electron imaging

Child of: electronmicroscopyimaging
technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. Multiple operating modes based on electron imaging include conventional imaging, scanning TEM imaging (STEM), and electron diffraction. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy)
Alternate labels: Transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: transmissionelectronimaging

2.1.12.2.4.1 Energy-filtered transmission electron imaging

Child of: transmissionelectronimaging
The principle is to illuminate a very thin specimen with a beam of high energy electrons. Some of these electrons will interact with the specimen and result in elastic or inelastic scattering. Inelastic scattering results in both a loss of energy and a change in momentum, which in the case of inner shell ionization, the energy loss is characteristic of the element the electron interacted with. After the electron energy loss spectrum forms in the energy filter, an adjustable energy slit allows only electrons that have not lost energy to pass through to form the image. This is known as zero-loss filtering. The filtering prevents inelastically scattered electrons from contributing to the image plus enhances contrast image and resolution. In addition to zero-loss filtering, you can adjust the system to select electrons that have lost a specific amount of energy to obtain additional contrast effects and compositionally sensitive images. (https://eels.info/about/techniques/eftem)
Alternate labels: Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://eels.info/about/techniques/eftem, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: energyfilteredtransmissionelectronimaging

2.1.12.2.4.2 Scanning transmission electron imaging

Child of: transmissionelectronimaging
In STEM the electron beam is focused to a fine spot (with the typical spot size 0.05 – 0.2 nm) which is then scanned over the sample in a raster illumination system constructed so that the sample is illuminated at each point with the beam parallel to the optical axis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy). In TEM parallel electron beams are focused perpendicular to the sample plane, in STEM the beam is focused at a large angle and is converged into a focal point. The transmitted signal is collected as a function of the beam location as it is rastered across the sample. There are multiple detectors for STEM imaging: 1) BF (bright-field) detector: small angles (0-10 mrad). These images are similar to the bright-field images obtained using TEM; 2) ADF (annular dark-field ) detector: larger angles (10-50 mrad); 3) HAADF (high-angle annular dark-field) detector: Angles greater than 50mrad. (https://chem.libretexts.org/Cou rses/Franklin_and_Marshall_College/Introduction_to_Materials_Character ization_CHM_412_Collaborative_Text/Electron_and_Probe_Microscopy/Tran smission_electron_microscopy(TEM)%3A_TEM_versus_STEM_and_HAADF )
Alternate labels: Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: scanningtransmissionelectronimaging

2.1.12.3 Focused ion beam scanning microscopy

Child of: imagingtechniques particlebeamexcitation
Production of images by scanning an ion beam in a raster across a sample surface and detecting secondary or backscattered electrons from each point to generate an image. Instrument used is typically an electron microscope that has an additional ion beam excitation source.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: focusedionbeamscanningmicroscopy

2.1.12.4 Nuclear microprobe analysis

Child of: particlebeamexcitation
Technique in which a focused beam of Me V light-mass ions is scanned across a sample surface. The most commonly used Me V ion is the proton, which is why the Nuclear Microprobe is also sometimes called the Scanning Proton Microprobe. However, other MeV light ions can generate the same analytical signals as protons, and are preferred for some of the analytical techniques described. The focused beam is scanned over the sample surface, and the strength of the relevant analytical signal is measured at each position in the scanned area to generate an image of the sample. There are many different types of interaction that can occur when an MeV ion is incident on a sample, and each one forms the basis of an analytical technique: Particle- Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) – nuclear reaction products such as alpha particles, protons, neutrons, or gamma rays are emitted. The energy of these charged reaction products is measured using a surface barrier detector . (https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1 146/annurev.ns.42.120192.000245)
Alternate labels: Scanning Proton Microprobe, scanning proton microscopy (SPM),
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ns.42.120192.000245,
Concept URI token: nuclearmicroprobeanalysis

2.1.12.5 Particle induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: particlebeamexcitation xrayspectrometry
An X-ray spectrometry technique in which emisssion of X-rays is induces by bombarding a spot on the sample with ions or sub-atomic particles other than electrons, e.g. neutrons, protons, muons (Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302).
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302
Concept URI token: particleinducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.12.5.1 Quantitative analysis particle induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: particleinducedxrayspectrometry
Within a given sample, once the X-ray intensities of each element of interest are “counted” in a detector at a specific beam current, the count rates are compared to those of standards containing known values of the elements of interest. Counting is typically done using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. In turn, the X-ray intensities must be corrected for matrix effects associated with atomic number (Z), absorption (A) and fluorescence (F). This correction procedure is performed within a computer program that takes the raw counting rates of each element, compares these to standards, computes the ZAF correction (or similar type of correction) and displays the results as a function of the weight % of the oxides or elements. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html)
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html), https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: quantitativeanalysisparticleinducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.13 Particle counting

Child of: analyticalmethod
Technique that detects and counts photons or particles (neutrons, alpha particles) that are spontaneously emitted from a sample due to radioactive decay of elements in the sample.
Alternate labels: RADON METHOD, RN-EMANATION ANALYSIS,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: particlecounting

2.1.13.1 Alpha particle counting

Child of: particlecounting
The count rate of alpha particles emitted form the surface of a sample; used to assess concentration of U, Th, other radiogenic elements
Alternate labels: ALPHA COUNTING, ALPHA PARTICLE DECAY COUNTING, ALPHA-DECAY COUNTING,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: alphaparticlecounting

2.1.13.2 Gamma counting

Child of: particlecounting
counting gamma rays emitted spontaneously from a sample; by looking at the the distribution of energy and frequency of the emitted gamma rays, the presence of elements emitting those gamma rays can be estimated.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: gammacounting

2.1.13.3 Neutron counting

Child of: particlecounting
Neutrons from spontaneous fission or induced fission in a sample are emitted essentially simultaneously. In many cases it is possible to obtain a nearly unique signature for a particular nuclear material. The measurement can be made in the presence of neutrons from room background or (a,n) reactions because these neutrons are noncoincident, or random, in their arrival times. used to measure the quantity of uranium or plutonium present in a sample. (https://www.lanl.gov/org/ddste/aldgs/sst-training/_assets/docs/PANDA/ Principles%20of%20Neutron%20Coincidence%20Counting%20Ch.%2016%20p.%204 57-492.pdf). A delayed neutron is a neutron emitted after a nuclear fission event, by one of the fission products (or actually, a fission product daughter after beta decay), any time from a few milliseconds to a few minutes after the fission event. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_neutron).
Alternate labels: DELAYED NEUTRON COUNTING, NEUTRON COINCIDENCE COUNTING,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.lanl.gov/org/ddste/aldgs/sst-training/_assets/docs/PANDA/Principles%20of%20Neutron%20Coincidence%20Counting%20Ch.%2016%20p.%20457-492.pdf,
Concept URI token: neutroncounting

2.1.14 Activation analysis

Child of: analyticalmethod
Measurement of elemental or isotopic contents in a specified amount of a material by irradiation with appropriately chosen penetrating radiation, either elementary particles or electromagnetic radiation, to induce nuclear reactions in the nuclei of the analyte, producing radioactive atoms. Analysis of the radiation emitted by these atoms when they decay allows determiniation of the composition of the sample. (Chai et al, IUPAC recommendations, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)
Alternate labels: PARTICULE INDUCED GAMMA-RAY EMISSION ANALYSIS, Particle induced activation analysis,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: particleinducedactivationanalysis

2.1.14.1 Deuteron activation analysis

Child of: particleinducedactivationanalysis
irradiate sample with deuterons, measure gamma ray spectrum (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02520983). Deuterons are nuclei of deuterium atoms, consisting of a proton and a neutron.
Source: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02520983, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: deuteronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2 Neutron activation analysis

Child of: particleinducedactivationanalysis
method based on the measurement of the radioactivity or radiation produced in samples when they are irradiated with neutrons (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 842). Quantification of the elemental nuclei of interest is usually performed by gamma ray spectroscopy (high resolution germanium detector), or by beta counting (low background proportional or liquid scintillation counting) when pure beta emitters are measured. Quantification of elements is accomplished by comparison with standards typically processed in the same manner. (https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/instrumental- neutron-activation-analysis-inaa, https://serc.carleton.edu/research_e ducation/geochemsheets/techniques/INAA.html). Components: 1) sample irradiation 2) gamma ray spectrometry
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/INAA.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/instrumental-neutron-activation-analysis-inaa,
Concept URI token: neutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.1 Epithermal neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
method based on the measurement of the radioactivity or radiation produced in samples when they are irradiated with neutrons (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 842). Epithermal neutrons have energies greater than thermal neutrons, but less than fast neutrons, 0.5 eV to 0.5 MeV. They can be described as incompletely moderated neutrons which are destined to become thermalised.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: epithermalneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.2 Fast neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
Method based on reactions with high-energy (14MeV) neutrons produced by a specialized small accelerator known as a neutron generator. FNAA is a rapid non-destructive technique used for the determination of lighter elements such as Nitrogen and Oxygen, and can routinely achieve precisions of 1-2% RSD of complex matrices. (https://elementalanalysis.com/naa/)
Source: https://elementalanalysis.com/naa/
Concept URI token: fastneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.3 Instrumental neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
method based on the measurement of the radioactivity or radiation produced in samples when they are irradiated with neutrons (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 842). Quantification of the elemental nuclei of interest is usually performed by gamma ray spectroscopy. Quantification of elements is accomplished by comparison with standards typically processed in the same manner. (https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/instrumental- neutron-activation-analysis-inaa, https://serc.carleton.edu/research_e ducation/geochemsheets/techniques/INAA.html). Instrumental indicates that no chemical pretreatment is performed on the sample prior to the irradiation process. The samples are simply packaged, irradiated for the specified length of time, allowed to decay, then counted, and the element results verified and reported. (https://elementalanalysis.com/naa/). Components: 1) sample irradiation 2) gamma ray spectrometry
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/INAA.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/instrumental-neutron-activation-analysis-inaa,
Concept URI token: instrumentalneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.4 Pre irradiation group concentration neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
A pre-irradiation group concentration method invovling analysis of REE relative to samarium (Sm). The sample is split in two portions. Sm and Nd content of the rock is determined by mass spectrometry isotope dilution analysis on one split. The other split is further purified for REE by cation-exchange, and is used to determine the abundance of REE relative to Sm by NAA. The REE content of the rock is found by normalization to Sm content determined by mass spectrometry in the first portion. The result are directly comparable to REE analyzed by conventional INAA. (https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90036-7, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.907, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055022)
Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055022, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.907, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90036-7, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: pigsneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.5 Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
NAA technique based on measurement of the gamma rays emitted during irradiation of the sample. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 842)
Alternate labels: Neutron-induced prompt gamma-ray analysis
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: promptgammaneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.6 Radiochemical neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis wetchemistry
A method of NAA in which chemical separations are applied after the irradiation to separate activities of interest from interfering activities. (https://indico.cern.ch/event/716552/sessions/310934/attac hments/1848163/3033363/MonicaSisti_LRT2019.pdf slide 6, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiochemical- neutron-activation-analysis-rnaa; Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302). Components: 1) sample irradiation 2) chemical processing 3) gamma ray spectrometry
Alternate labels: destructive activation analysis
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiochemical-neutron-activation-analysis-rnaa,
Concept URI token: radiochemicalneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.2.7 Thermal neutron activation analysis

Child of: neutronactivationanalysis
method based on the measurement of the radioactivity or radiation produced in samples when they are irradiated with neutrons (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 842). Thermal neutrons have energies less than epithermal neutrons in the 0.1 to 0.5 eV range (based on https://elementalanalysis.com/naa/).
Source: https://doi.org/10.1081/ASR-120004372
Concept URI token: thermalneutronactivationanalysis

2.1.14.3 Photon activation analysis

Child of: particleinducedactivationanalysis
Activation of a sample with high-energy photons (gamma rays) to induce production of radionucleides that emit gamma radiation on decay; the decay-related gamma-ray spectrum is interpreted to determine composition of the sample (https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060617)
Alternate labels: INSTRUMENTAL PHOTON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060617, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: photonactivationanalysis

2.1.15 Photometry

Child of: analyticalmethod
measurement of the luminance, luminous intensity, or luminance of a light source; with an output weighted by the wavelength response of the human eye. (Source: NASA; UUID; 806d0bc3-8d08-4418-800b-972292f3db99)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: photometry

2.1.15.1 Infrared photometry

Child of: photometry
measurement of the luminance, luminous intensity, or luminance of an infrared light source;
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: infraredphotometry

2.1.15.2 Infrared reflectance

Child of: photometry
measurement of the luminance, luminous intensity, or luminance of infrared light light reflected from a sample;
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: infraredreflectance

2.1.16 Physical property measurement

Child of: analyticalmethod
Various techniques used to measure the physical properties of a sample.
Concept URI token: physicalpropertymeasurement

2.1.16.1 Adsorption analysis

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
The gas adsorption technique may used to measure the specific surface area and pore size distribution of powdered or solid materials. The dry sample is usually evacuated of all gas and cooled to a temperature of 77K, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. At this temperature inert gases such as nitrogen, argon and krypton will physically adsorb on the surface of the sample. This adsorption process can be considered to be a reversible condensation or layering of molecules on the sample surface during which heat is evolved. Nitrogen gas is ideal for measuring surface area and pore size distribution. (http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/cdroms/cyto2/6/coulter/ss000107.htm)
Alternate labels: ADSORPTION
Source: http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/cdroms/cyto2/6/coulter/ss000107.htm, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: adsorptionanalysis

2.1.16.2 Angle of repose measurement

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
A granular sample is poured to create a cone or slope at the maximum angle of stability. This slope could be directly measured with a angle tool, or better yet should be analyzed from a 3d reconstruction of the scene. Various techniques might be used to reconstruct the shape of the cone.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: angleofreposemeasurement

2.1.16.3 Capacitance dilatometry

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
Measurement of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion in a solid material, using a parallel plate capacitor with a one stationary plate, and one moveable plate. When the sample length changes, it moves the moveable plate, which changes the gap between the plates. The capacitance is inversely proportional to the gap. Changes in length of 10 picometres can be detected. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatometer)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatometer, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: capacitancedilatometry

2.1.16.4 Compression test

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
Uniaxial squeezing a single mm to sub-mm sample particle between two rigid metallic pistons for quantitative determination of mechanical properties (elastic modulus, crushing strength, critical flaw length at failure, and fracture behavior).
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: compressiontest

2.1.16.5 Direct shear strength measurement

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
A shear stress is applied to a cubic sample until it fails (subdivides) by shear fracturing. The ultimate shear strength of the sample is determined from the peak of the resulting shear stress versus shear displacement curve
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: directshearstrengthmeasurement

2.1.16.6 Gas pycnometry

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
Measurement of the volume of a solid object, employing some method of gas displacement and the volume:pressure relationship known as Boyle’s Law. The methods uses two chambers, one (with a removable gas- tight lid) to hold the sample and a second chamber of fixed, known (via calibration) internal volume – referred to as the reference volume or added volume. The device has a valve to admit a gas under pressure to one of the chambers, a pressure measuring device – usually a transducer – connected to the first chamber, a valved pathway connecting the two chambers, and a valved vent from the second of the chambers. The volume of the sample is calculated from the known volumne of the empty sample chamber, the volume of the reference volume chamber, the pressure after gas is admitted to the sample chamber, and the pressure after expansion of the gas into both chambers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_pycnometer)
Alternate labels: helium pycnometer
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_pycnometer, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: gaspycnometry

2.1.16.7 Manometry

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
measurement of the pressure of gases or vapors
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: manometry

2.1.16.8 Nanoindentation and microindentation

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
determine mechanical properties of materials from the load versus displacement curves as a micro indentor is pressed into the sample surface
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: nanoindentationandmicroindentation

2.1.16.9 Particle cohesion determination

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
Measurement of cohesive force between dust-sized particles that are close or in direct contact is measured with an Atomic Force Microprobe. One particle is affixed to the pin on the cantilever arm of an AFM, while the second particle is fixed to a substrate. Particles should be characterized in SEM to determine particle shape and local radii at size of contact.
Alternate labels: Atomic force microscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: particlecohesiondetermination

2.1.16.10 Porosimetry

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material’s porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosimetry)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosimetry
Concept URI token: porosimetry

2.1.16.11 Seismic velocity and ultrasonic elastic constant measurement

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
The compression (p) and shear (s) wave velocities in rock may be determined using a pulse generator and p and s-wave ultrasonic transducers. The transducers are placed on opposite sides of a rock slab and the transit time is measured. (OSIRIS-REx confluence)
Alternate labels: Seismic velocities and rock ultrasonic elastic constants
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: seismicvelocitiesandrockultrasonicelasticconstants

2.1.16.12 Tensiometry

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
measurement of soil moisture tension in the vadose zone, typically using a tensiometer.
Concept URI token: tensiometry

2.1.16.13 Thermal analysis

Child of: physicalpropertymeasurement
analysis techniques that measure the thermal properties of a sample, e.g. conductivity, specific heat.
Concept URI token: thermalanalysis

2.1.16.13.1 Differential scanning calorimetry

Child of: thermalanalysis
Technique where either the difference between heat flow rates into a sample and a reference material is measured (heat-flow DSC) or the difference between the electrical powers into a sample and a reference material is measured (power compensation DSC). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2012-0609). A technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. By observing the difference in heat flow between the sample and reference, differential scanning calorimeters are able to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released during phase transitions. DSC may also be used to observe more subtle physical changes, such as glass transitions. It is widely used in industrial settings as a quality control instrument due to its applicability in evaluating sample purity and for studying polymer curing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry)
Alternate labels: Heat-flow DSC, Power compensation DSC,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2012-0609, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, DFG,
Concept URI token: differentialscanningcalorimetry

2.1.16.13.2 Differential thermal analysis

Child of: thermalanalysis
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a technique in which the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference. This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and is not affected by the heat capacity of the sample. DTA is similar to differential scanning calorimetry.
Alternate labels: Differential analyzer
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: differentialthermalanalyis

2.1.16.13.3 Induction heating analysis

Child of: thermalanalysis
a technique for evaluation of the self-heating characteristics of particles? [based on interpretation of https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c03332, not much online about this technique]. See also https://iris.unipv.it/bitstream/11571/1178389/6/After_revision.pdf . [would appear to be methods of analyzing the effectiveness of heating objects by electromagnetic induction] ‘Induction heating (IH) is commonly used for heating and heat treatment. An accurate prediction of temperature distribution is required to optimize the heating parameters…. temperature-dependent B (magnetic flux density)-H (magnetic field strength) curves and changes in phase transformation under rapid heating were measured and used for IH analysis’ ( https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-552)
Alternate labels: INDUCTION HEATING
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: inductionheatinganalysis

2.1.16.13.4 Lock in thermography

Child of: thermalanalysis
The principle of lock-in thermography is based on the application of a periodic input energy wave (i.e. thermal emitter, ultrasound, microwave, eddy current, flash or xenon lamp, halogen lamp, or laser) to the surface of the object being examined and analyzing the resulting local temperatures on the surface of the object using an infrared camera. When the input energy wave penetrates the object’s surface, is it absorbed and phase shifted. When the input wave reaches areas within the object where the thermophysical properties are not homogeneous in relation to the surrounding material, (i.e. at delaminations or inclusions), the input wave is partially reflected. The reflected portion of the wave interferes with the incoming input wave at the surface of the object, causing an interference pattern in the local surface temperature, which oscillates at the same frequency as the thermal wave. The internal structure of the object being examined can then be derived by evaluating the phase shift of the local surface temperatures in relation to the input energy wave. The ability to derive internal thermophysical inconsistencies within the object, however, requires that the input energy source be used at an optimal frequency, which depends on both the thermophysical characteristics of the object as well as its thickness. (https://movitherm.com/knowledgebase/what-is-lock-in-thermography/)
Source: https://movitherm.com/knowledgebase/what-is-lock-in-thermography/, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: lockinthermography

2.1.16.13.5 Mini cryogen free measurement system for thermal conductivity

Child of: thermalanalysis
measure the bulk thermal conductivity of a bar-shaped sample specimen across a wide range of temperatures, producing a table with thermal conductivity vs temperature. (OSIRIS-REx confluence). The label implies that the technique measures thermal conductivity at low temperatures, using a device that does not require liquid nitrogen or liquid helium for cooling. [need more information]
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: minicryogenfreemeasurementsystemforthermalconductivity

2.1.16.13.6 Spherical cell bulk thermal conductivity analysis

Child of: thermalanalysis
Technique for measuring thermal conductivity, results based on a finite element model of observation data.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: sphericalcellbulkthermalconductivityanalysis

2.1.16.13.7 Thermogravimetry analysis

Child of: thermalanalysis
Thermogravimetric analysis is a method in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction). The thermogravimetric data collected from a thermal reaction is compiled into a plot of mass or percentage of initial mass on the y axis versus either temperature or time on the x-axis. This plot can be used for materials characterization through analysis of characteristic decomposition patterns.
Alternate labels: Thermogravimetric analysis
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, O-REx technique,
Concept URI token: thermogravimetryanalysis

2.1.17 Spectrometry

Child of: analyticalmethod
any of various analytical techniques in which an emission (as of particles or radiation) is dispersed according to some property (such as mass, energy, or wavelength) of the emission and the amount of dispersion is measured (https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/spectrometry)
Alternate labels: SPECTROCHEMISTRY, SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS, SPECTROGRAPHY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spectrometry,
Concept URI token: spectrometry

2.1.17.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

Child of: spectrometry
Measurement principle of spectroscopy to measure the precession of magnetic moments placed in a magnetic induction based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation of a specific frequency by an atomic nucleus. Nuclei having a suitable magnetic moment include ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁹F, ³¹P. The technique is used as a method of determining structure of organic molecules, or as a mechanism for quantification. (Source: IUPAC; https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC- REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf). A spectroscopic technique that observes the signal produced by nuclear magnetic resonance of the atomic nuclei in a sample when exposed to excitation by radio waves. The signal is related to local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. The electromagnetic waves emitted by the nuclei of the sample as a result of perturbation by a weak oscillating magnetic field are detected with sensitive radio receivers. Upon excitation of the sample with a radio frequency (60–1000 MHz) pulse, a nuclear magnetic resonance response - a free induction decay (FID) - is obtained. It is a very weak signal, and requires sensitive radio receivers to pick up. A Fourier transform is carried out to extract the frequency-domain spectrum from the raw time-domain FID. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
Alternate labels: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy, https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, DFG,
Concept URI token: nuclearmagneticresonancespectrometry

2.1.17.1.1 Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Child of: nuclearmagneticresonancespectrometry
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an atomic-level method to determine the chemical structure, 3D structure and dynamics of solids and semi-solids. The nuclear spin interactions and the effects of magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses on nuclear spins in solid-state NMR are the same as in liquid-state NMR spectroscopy. However, because of the orientation dependence of the nuclear spin interactions in the solid state, the majority of high- resolution solid-state NMR spectra are measured under magic-angle spinning (MAS), which has profound effects on the types of radiofrequency pulse sequences required to extract structural and dynamical information. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_nuclear_magnetic_resonance)
Alternate labels: Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_nuclear_magnetic_resonance, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: solidstatenuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy

2.1.17.2 Particle spectrometry

Child of: spectrometry
Analysis of the energy distribution of particles emitted from a sample.
Concept URI token: particlespectrometry

2.1.17.2.1 Alpha particle spectrometry

Child of: particlespectrometry
Analysis of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono- energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-particle_spectroscopy)
Alternate labels: Alpha spectrometry, ISOTOPE-DILUTION ALPHA-SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-particle_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: alphaparticlespectrometry

2.1.17.2.2 Electron spectrometry

Child of: particlespectrometry
Analysis based on measuring the energy of electrons emitted from or that have interacted with a sample. Particular kinds of interactions and emission processes can be related to particular constituents in the sample.
Concept URI token: electronspectrometry

2.1.17.2.2.1 Auger electron spectroscopy

Child of: electronspectrometry
a form of electron spectroscopy that relies on the Auger effect, based on the analysis of energetic electrons emitted from an excited atom after a series of internal relaxation events.Surface sensitivity in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) arises from the fact that emitted electrons usually have energies ranging from 50 eV to 3 keV and at these values, electrons have a short mean free path in a solid. The escape depth of electrons is therefore localized to within a few nanometers of the target surface, giving AES an extreme sensitivity to surface species (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat,
Concept URI token: augerelectronspectroscopy

2.1.17.2.2.2 Electron energy loss spectrometry

Child of: electronspectrometry particlebeamexcitation
a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies. Some of the electrons will undergo inelastic scattering, which means that they lose energy and have their paths slightly and randomly deflected. The amount of energy loss can be measured via an electron spectrometer and interpreted in terms of what caused the energy loss. With some care, and looking at a wide range of energy losses, one can determine the types of atoms, and the numbers of atoms of each type, being struck by the beam. The scattering angle (that is, the amount that the electron’s path is deflected) can also be measured, giving information about the dispersion relation of whatever material excitation caused the inelastic scattering. Most common approach today is transmission EELS, in which the incident electrons pass entirely through the material sample. Usually this occurs in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), although some dedicated systems exist which enable extreme resolution in terms of energy and momentum transfer at the expense of spatial resolution. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy, https://eels.info/about/techniques/eels-0)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy
Concept URI token: electronenergylossspectrometry

2.1.17.2.2.3 X-ray photoelectron spectrometery

Child of: electronspectrometry
Technique based on irradiation of the sample surface with monochromatic X-radiation (Skoog, Holler, Crouch p540) resulting in emission of electrons. The emitted electron energy spectra are obtained and chemical states are inferred from the measurement of the kinetic energy and the number of the ejected electrons. A typical XPS spectrum is a plot of the number of electrons detected at a specific binding energy. Each element produces a set of characteristic XPS peaks. These peaks correspond to the electron configuration of the electrons within the atoms, e.g., 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. The number of detected electrons in each peak is directly related to the amount of element within the XPS sampling volume. XPS requires high vacuum (residual gas pressure p ~ 10-6 Pa) or ultra-high vacuum (p less than 10-7 Pa) conditions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy)
Alternate labels: X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: xrayphotoelectronspectrometery

2.1.17.2.3 Mass spectrometry

Child of: particlespectrometry
Study of matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06). Atomic mass spectrometric analysis involves: (1) atomization, (2) conversion of a substantial fraction of the atoms formed in step 1 to a stream of ions (usually singly charged positive ions), (3) separating the ions formed in step 2 on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), where m is the mass number of the ion and z is the number of fundamental charges that it bears, and (4) counting the number of ions of each type or measuring the ion current produced when the ions formed from the sample strike a suitable transducer. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 253). Molecular mass spectrometry is used to determine the structures of inorganic, organic, and biological molecules and the qualitative and quantitative composition of complex mixtures; The appearance of mass spectra for a given molecular species strongly depends on the method used for ion formation. That these methods fall into three major categories: gas-phase sources, desorption sources, and ambient desorption sources. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 502)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: massspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.1 Accelerator mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
In this technique, the target element is first chemically separated from the sample before it is placed in a sample holder in the AMS instrument. The sample element is then bombarded by cesium ions to sputter the analyte element from the sample as negative ions. The analyte ions are then accelerated down a beam tube by a positive potential difference of several million volts, passed through an electron stripper to convert them to positive ions, and accelerated back down the beam tube toward common potential where ion velocities approach a few percent of the speed of light. Using a series of magnetic and electrostatic mass filters, the ion beam containing all isotopes of the analyte element is then separated into separate beams containing the (usually unstable) isotope of interest and other isotopes, and each of the isotopes is counted by a separate detector. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 271). Components: 1) sample preparation: chemical concentration of analyte; 2) ionization: ion beam; 3) mass analyzer: accelerator Mass spectrometer; 4) detector: not specified.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: acceleratormassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.2 Elemental analysis mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysis massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry method that uses an elemental analyzer (typically a pyrolysis process to extract volatile components in the sample) to extract the aliquots (typically as gas) to be atomized and passed to the mass analyzer.
Alternate labels: Elemental analyzer mass spectrometry
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: elementalanalysismassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.2.1 Continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Isotope-Ratio mass spectrometry that extracts analytes from a sample using elemental analyzer with a contintuous flow of gas to be atomized, ionized and passed to the mass analyzer. Components: 1) elemental analyzer; 2) continuous flow input. 3) mass analyzer 4) detectors. Analyzed aliquots are gas.
Alternate labels: ELEMENTAL ANALYSER CONTINUOUS FLOW ISOTOPIC RATIO MASS SPECTROMETER, ELEMENTAL ANALYZER CONTINUOUS-FLOW ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: continuousflowisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.2.2 Elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer which is coupled with an elemental analyzer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06). Isotope and chemical analysis of H, C, N, O and S in a sample. (OSIRIS-REx confluence)
Alternate labels: Elemental analyzer - isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: elementalanalysisisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.3 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
analysis of polar/apolar solvent-soluble organics can be performed using extremely high resolution mass spectrometry to identify molecular formulas (but not structures) with the elements C, H, O, N, S, Mg, Cl in a mixture.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: fouriertransformioncyclotronresonancemassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.4 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: gaschromatographyanalysis massspectrometry
Technique by which a mixture is separated into individual components by gas chromatography, followed by detection with a mass spectrometer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: gaschromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.4.1 Combustion gas chromatography isotopic ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: combustiongaschromatography gaschromatographymassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Technique used to ascertain the relative ratio of light stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C), hydrogen (2H/1H), nitrogen (15N/14N) or oxygen (18O/160) in individual compounds separated from often complex mixtures of components. The sample solution is injected into the gas chromatography (GC) inlet where it is vaporized and swept onto a chromatographic column by the carrier gas (usually helium). The sample flows through the column and the compounds comprising the mixture of interest are separated by virtue of their relative interaction with the coating of the column (stationary phase) and the carrier gas (mobile phase). Carbon and nitrogen compounds eluting from the chromatographic column then pass through a combustion reactor (an alumina tube containing Cu, Ni and Pt wires maintained at 940 degree

where they are oxidatively combusted. This is followed by a reduction reactor (an alumina tube containing three Cu wires maintained at 600 degree C) to reduce any nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. For hydrogen and oxygen a high temperature thermal conversion reactor is required. Water is then removed in a water separator by passing the gas stream through a tube constructed from a water permeable nafion membrane. The sample is then introduced into the ion source of the mass analyzer by an open split interface, and particles with m/z ratios of interest are counted by detectors.

Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: combustiongaschromatographyisotopicratiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.4.2 Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: gaschromatographymassspectrometry pyrolysisgaschromatography
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gas phase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06).
Alternate labels: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.5 Glow discharge mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry using a source in which argon atoms in a low- density plasma impact the sample surface, sputtering atoms from the sample that are then ionized in the plasma and accelerated into the mass analyzer. Samples are analyzed in solid form. The sputtering and ionization approach is free from the matrix dependence response affecting most other elemental analysis techniques, minimizing the need for matrix matched standards.
Source: MetBase, https://nrc.canada.ca/en/research-development/products-services/technical-advisory-services/glow-discharge-mass-spectrometry-gdms-analysis, https://www.massint.co.uk/glow-discharge-ms/gdms.php,
Concept URI token: glowdischargemassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6 Isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) leverages magnetic sector mass spectrometry to enable high-precision measurement of the stable isotope content of a sample. Typical measurements target hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen analyses, although elements with masses up to and including sulfur can be measured. Solid, liquid, or gas phase samples are converted to simple gases then introduced to the IRMS. During analysis, an electron impact source ionizes sample- derived gas which is then accelerated down a flight tube, separated by mass, and quantified using a series of Faraday cups. (https://www.emsl.pnnl.gov/science/related-instrument/isotope-ratio- mass-spectrometry/1795)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.emsl.pnnl.gov/science/related-instrument/isotope-ratio-mass-spectrometry/1795,
Concept URI token: isotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6.1 Combustion gas chromatography isotopic ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: combustiongaschromatography gaschromatographymassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Technique used to ascertain the relative ratio of light stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C), hydrogen (2H/1H), nitrogen (15N/14N) or oxygen (18O/160) in individual compounds separated from often complex mixtures of components. The sample solution is injected into the gas chromatography (GC) inlet where it is vaporized and swept onto a chromatographic column by the carrier gas (usually helium). The sample flows through the column and the compounds comprising the mixture of interest are separated by virtue of their relative interaction with the coating of the column (stationary phase) and the carrier gas (mobile phase). Carbon and nitrogen compounds eluting from the chromatographic column then pass through a combustion reactor (an alumina tube containing Cu, Ni and Pt wires maintained at 940 degree

where they are oxidatively combusted. This is followed by a reduction reactor (an alumina tube containing three Cu wires maintained at 600 degree C) to reduce any nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. For hydrogen and oxygen a high temperature thermal conversion reactor is required. Water is then removed in a water separator by passing the gas stream through a tube constructed from a water permeable nafion membrane. The sample is then introduced into the ion source of the mass analyzer by an open split interface, and particles with m/z ratios of interest are counted by detectors.

Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: combustiongaschromatographyisotopicratiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6.2 Continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Isotope-Ratio mass spectrometry that extracts analytes from a sample using elemental analyzer with a contintuous flow of gas to be atomized, ionized and passed to the mass analyzer. Components: 1) elemental analyzer; 2) continuous flow input. 3) mass analyzer 4) detectors. Analyzed aliquots are gas.
Alternate labels: ELEMENTAL ANALYSER CONTINUOUS FLOW ISOTOPIC RATIO MASS SPECTROMETER, ELEMENTAL ANALYZER CONTINUOUS-FLOW ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: continuousflowisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6.3 Dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique. Components: 1) sample preparation, extract gas, purify; 2) ionization: not specified. Isotope-Ratio mass spectrometry that uses dual inputs to compare and calibrate sample measurement. In dual inlet IRMS, purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparison measurements are made of both gases. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry). Analyzed aliquots are gas.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: dualinletisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6.4 Elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Child of: elementalanalysismassspectrometry isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer which is coupled with an elemental analyzer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06). Isotope and chemical analysis of H, C, N, O and S in a sample. (OSIRIS-REx confluence)
Alternate labels: Elemental analyzer - isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: elementalanalysisisotoperatiomassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.6.5 Laser fluorination analysis

Child of: isotoperatiomassspectrometry wetchemistry
laser fluorination is a chemical process wherein oxygen is quantitatively extracted from oxygen-bearing compounds, without isotopic fractionation, and simultaneously converted to diatomic oxygen (O2) gas. This O2 gas may then be analyzed with isotope-ration mass spectrometer (IRMS) to determine its delta 17O and delta 18O ratios. (https://sil.uoregon.edu/laser-fluorination/)
Alternate labels: LASER FLUORINATION, Laser Assisted Fluorination for Bulk Oxygen Isotope Ratio Measurements,
Source: https://sil.uoregon.edu/laser-fluorination/, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: laserfluorinationanalysis

2.1.17.2.3.6.6 Stepped heating carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis

Child of: isotoperatiomassspectrometry
Stepped combustion technique on the FINESSE highly sensitive mass spectrometric complex (a single gas extraction and purification system coupled with three mass spectrometers operating in static mode). Sample is crushed to powder and loaded in the mass spectrometer extraction system, then heated incrementally (step heating) from 200 to 1400 degree C in the presence of oxygen derived from thermal decomposition, at 930 degree C, of CuO present in a separately heated unit with an inlet into the furnace, resulting in the liberation of individual components. Carbon (in the form of CO2) and molecular nitrogen are cryogenically separated from each other before analysis. Simultaneous analysis is possible by using multiple mass spectrometers connected to a common extraction line: two magnetic sector mass spectrometers for determination of carbon isotopes and nitrogen abundance, and a quadrupole mass spectrometer for nitrogen isotopes. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00592-7)
Alternate labels: Stepped heating carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00592-7, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: steppedheatingcarbonandnitrogenisotopicanalysis

2.1.17.2.3.7 Laser ablation mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which a laser beam is focused on a spot on the sample surface to atomize sample material from that spot, for subsequent ionization and intlet to mass analyzer. Compononets 1) sample prepartion: polished surface 2) ionization: laser. Point analysis.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: laserablationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.7.1 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry laserablationmassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which a laser beam is focused on a spot on the sample surface to atomize sample material from that spot, for subsequent introduction in to inductively coupled plasma to ionize for inlet into mass analyzer. Compononets 1) sample prepartion: polished surface 2) ionization: laser, inductively coupled plasma. Point analysis.
Alternate labels: EXCIMER LASER ABLATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, FEMTO LASER MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MAGNETIC SECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION DOUBLE-FOCUSING MAGNETIC SECTOR FIELD INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION MICROPROBE MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION PLASMA IONISATION MULTI-COLLECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: laserablationinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.7.2 Laser ablation split stream mass spectrometry

Child of: laserablationmassspectrometry
The output from laser ablation of a single analysis spot is split between two mass spectrometers (typically ICPMS). The technique allows simultaneous analyses of different geochemical systems in mineral samples using two or more mass spectrometers. An important application is the determination of the complementary isotopic systems of Lu-Hf and U-Pb (age)(https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS- Assets/CMD/Application-Notes/AN-30298-ICP-MS-Laser-Ablation-Split- Stream-AN30298-EN.pdf)
Source: https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Application-Notes/AN-30298-ICP-MS-Laser-Ablation-Split-Stream-AN30298-EN.pdf, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: lassmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.8 Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Child of: liquidchromatographyanalysis massspectrometry
technique used to separate, detect, identify, and quantify components of a complex mixture. The solid sample is extracted in a solvent to pull out soluble target compounds; this creates both a solid residue and a liquid extract. The extract can be subjected to additional procedures, for cleanup or exposure to acid vapor to break apart large molecules. The final extracted solution is injected into the LC, which separates compounds in the solution and then passes them into the MS, where their mass spectra are measured. Each time point on the chromatogram is linked to a mass spectrum from which the most intense signals are fragmented at defined CID (colision induced dissociation) energy. The combination of retention time (i.e., how long it takes for the compound to pass through the LC) and mass spectrum allows for identification of the compounds when compared to standards. The LC-MS-MS converted data is in a unversal format of data called mzML and used internationally in LC-MS-MS analytical community of small molecules, peptides to proteins. mzML is a universal Mass spectrometry format. xml namespace =http://psi.hupo.org/ms/mzml; schema location http://psidev.info/files/ms/mzML/xsd/mzML1.1.0.xsd
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: liquidchromatographymassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.9 Micromass multiprep mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Multiprep automated sample preparation device is used to digest powdered biogenic or mineral carbonate material with phosphoric acid or to equilibrate water samples with carbon dioxide or hydrogen.(Micromass is the instrument manufacturer). Output from multiprep goes to mass spectrometer. Example systems e.g. https://www.atmos.albany.edu/geology/webpages/sirmslab.html are doing stable isotope analyses. Components: 1) sample preparation: multiprep device
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: micromassmultiprepmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.10 Noble gas mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe ) are extracted from samples by heating in a vacuum with an IR laser or in a heated crucible. The extracted gases are purified using hot metals or alloys (and cold traps). Noble gas elements can be separated using cryogenic traps and sequentially analyzed by separation of the ions according to their mass/charge ratio and a collection block consisting of single or multiple Faraday cups and/or electron multipliers. (OSIRIS-REx confluence; https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/38/jresv38n6p617_A1b.pdf)
Alternate labels: Noble gas and nitrogen static mass spectrometry, Rare-gas mass spectrometry,
Source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/38/jresv38n6p617_A1b.pdf, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: noblegasmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.10.1 Neutron irradiation noble gas mass spectrometry

Child of: noblegasmassspectrometry
Techique that exposes sample to neutron-irradiation to produce noble gas isotopes from halogen isotopes within the sample. NI-NGMS requires only small sample masses (~1 mg). The method provides information on the abundances and ratios of the halogen (Cl, Br and I) and the noble gas (Ar, Kr and Xe) elements. (OSIRIS-REx confluence). Technique to measure the abundances of Cl, K, Br, I, Ca, Ba and U, in which samples are exposed to a high neutron fluence to produce nucleogenic noble gas isotopes in abundances proportional to those of the parent elements. (https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/2014/2145.pdf). The noble gas isotopes are liberated from the sample by heating and analyzed with a mass spectrometer (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254116302339)
Alternate labels: NOBLE-GAS METHOD
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: neutronirradiationnoblegasmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.10.2 Resonance ionization time of flight noble gas mass spectrometry

Child of: laserionizationmassspectrometry noblegasmassspectrometry
Noble gas mass spectrometry technique that atomizes and ionizes samples using laser resonance to generate a plasma, and a time-of- flight mass analyzer.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: resonanceionizationtimeofflightnoblegasmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.11 Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel- like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle. The image current from the trapped ions is detected and converted to a mass spectrum using the Fourier transform of the frequency signal. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitrap)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitrap, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: orbitrapmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.11.1 Desorption electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry

Child of: orbitrapmassspectrometry
technique in which sample ionization is achieved by a process in which a spray of charged droplets is directed towards the sample. When the spray impacts the sample, a thin layer of solvent is formed into which the analytes may dissolve. As other primary droplets arrive at the sample surface, they splash secondary microdroplets containing the dissolved analytes from the solvent film. This mechanism causes analyte-containing droplets to be generated in the open air, and then delivered to the mass spectrometer through a heated extended capillary. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205348). After the desorption process, ionization occurs via mechanisms that are similar to those of electrospray ionization, in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospray_ionization). Mass analysis is done with an Orbitrap mass analyzer. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitrap)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: desorptionelectrosprayionizationorbitrapmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12 Plasma source mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique. Components: 1) sample preparation: not specified; 2) ionization: plasma; 3) mass analyzer: not specified; 4) detector: not specified. Plasma can be generated in various ways: inductive coupling, spark, lasers, microwaves.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: plasmasourcemassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: plasmasourcemassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is introduced into an inductively coupled plasma to atomize and ionize the sample for inlet to mass analyzer. Components: 1) sample processing- dissolution, isotope dilution; 2) ionization: Inductively coupled plasma
Alternate labels: FUSION-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION PLASMA IONISATION MULTI-COLLECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MAGNETIC SECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, PLASMA IONISATION MULTI-COLLECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, SECTOR FIELD INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.2 High resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique. Components 1) sample preparation: not specified; 2) ionization: Inductively-coupled plasma. 3) mass analyzer in which the the aperture width of the entrance slit situated between the ion optics and the mass analyzer, and an exit slit located between the mass analyzer and the detector assembly can be controlled. The narrower the slits are positioned, the higher the resolution (and lower the sensitivity); the wider the slits, the higher the sensitivity (and lower the resolution). (R. ArevaloJr., in Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014)
Alternate labels: HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION HIGH-RESOLUTION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: highresolutioninductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.3 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry laserablationmassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which a laser beam is focused on a spot on the sample surface to atomize sample material from that spot, for subsequent introduction in to inductively coupled plasma to ionize for inlet into mass analyzer. Compononets 1) sample prepartion: polished surface 2) ionization: laser, inductively coupled plasma. Point analysis.
Alternate labels: EXCIMER LASER ABLATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, FEMTO LASER MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MAGNETIC SECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION DOUBLE-FOCUSING MAGNETIC SECTOR FIELD INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION MICROPROBE MULTI-COLLECTOR INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION PLASMA IONISATION MULTI-COLLECTOR MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER ABLATION QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: laserablationinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.4 Liquid inlet inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which sample is dissolved in a liquid reagent and nulized or vaporized by one of several techniques to introduce into an inductively coupled plasma to atomize and ionize for intlet to mass analyzer. Components: 1) sample preparation: dissolution, nebulize to introduce into plasma (this is normal method to get sample into ICP…) 2) ionization: inductively coupled plasma
Alternate labels: SOLUTION-NEBULIZED INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, STANDARD ADDITION SOLUTION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS-SPECTROMETRY, TOTAL DIGESTION-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, ULTRASONIC NEBULIZATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: liquidinletinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.5 Multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry
Quadrupole and Multi-Collector (MC) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are grouped into one ‘analtyical technique’ by O-REx sample analysis team.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: multicollectorinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.6 Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry
Mass spectrometry using a quadrupole mass analyzer. Sample preparation, atomization/ionization and detectors not specified
Alternate labels: QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: quadrupoleinductivelycoupledplasmmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.7 Sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry
also called double focusing (electric and magnetic) ICP-MS. Sample in solution is nebulized, atomized and ionized in an inductively coupled plasma; ions are accelerated into a sector field analyzer; the distinguishing feature from other double focusing (electrostatic, then magnetic) high-resolution mass analyzers is not clear. The technique provides good detection capability and resolving power, useful for applications such as speciation analysis.
Source: MetBase, https://chemistry.olemiss.edu/icp-sfms/, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2004/ja/b403128h,
Concept URI token: sectorfieldicpms

2.1.17.2.3.12.8 Laser ionization mass spectrometry

Child of: plasmasourcemassspectrometry
Technique that uses laser to induce plasma ionization. The laser plasma is sustained between a pneumatic nebulizer and the inlet capillary of the mass analyzer. To maintain stable conditions in the droplet-rich spray environment, the plasma was directly fed by the fundamental output (lambda = 1064 nm) of a laser. Ionization by the laser-driven plasma resulted in signals of intact analyte ions of several chemical categories. Use for mass-spectrometric determinations of polar and nonpolar analytes in solution. (https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00329)
Alternate labels: ISOTOPE-DILUTION RESONANCE-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, LASER PLASMA IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, RESONANCE-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00329, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: laserionizationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.12.9 Resonance ionization time of flight noble gas mass spectrometry

Child of: laserionizationmassspectrometry noblegasmassspectrometry
Noble gas mass spectrometry technique that atomizes and ionizes samples using laser resonance to generate a plasma, and a time-of- flight mass analyzer.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: resonanceionizationtimeofflightnoblegasmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.13 Secondary ionization mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
secondary-ion mass analyzers are based on bombarding the surface of the sample with a beam of 5- to 20-keV ions. The ion beam is formed in an ion gun in which the gaseous atoms or molecules are ionized by an electron-ionization source. The positive ions are then accelerated by applying a high dc voltage. The impact of these primary ions causes the surface layer of atoms of the sample to be stripped (sputtered) off, largely as neutral atoms. A small fraction, however, forms as positive (or negative) secondary ions that are drawn into a spectrometer for mass analysis. In secondary-ion mass analyzers, which serve for general surface analysis and for depth profiling, the primary ion-beam diameter ranges from 0.3 to 5 mm. Double-focusing, single-focusing, time-of-flight, and quadrupole spectrometers are used for mass determination. Typical transducers for SIMS are electron multipliers, Faraday cups, and imaging detectors. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 549) Measure method in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)
Alternate labels: LARGE ISOTOPE-DILUTION ION-PROBE ANALYSIS, MULTI-COLLECTOR SECONDARY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, NANO SECONDARY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY, Secondary Ion mass spectrometry,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: secondaryionizationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.13.1 Secondary neutral mass spectrometry

Child of: secondaryionizationmassspectrometry
Mass spectrometer that separates the processes of emission and ionisation of sputtered particles are strictly separated. The sputtered neutral particles, atoms and atomic clusters are detected by a mass spectrometer after post sputtering ionisation, which can be performed by an electron beam, electron gas or laser beam. Of these, the most efficient way to ionise the emitted neutral particles is laser beam ionisation. (https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/system/files/pdf/SNMS_21_4.pdf) Laser ionization mass nanoscope or LIMAS, a nano-beam time-of-flight secondary neutral mass spectrometry system. The primary ion beam column is a Ga liquid metal ion source, with aberration correction optics can generate a primary ion beam was down to 40 nm in diameter under a current of 100 pA with an energy of 20 keV. The sputtered neutral particles are ionized by a femtosecond laser. The ions are introduced into a multi-turn mass analyzer. This instrument would be effective for ultrahigh sensitive analysis of nanosized particles such as return samples from asteroids, comets, and planets. (Ebata, Ishihara, Uchino, Itose; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4857. Laser ionization mass nanoscope or LIMAS, a nano-beam time-of-flight secondary neutral mass spectrometry system. The primary ion beam column is a Ga liquid metal ion source, with aberration correction optics can generate a primary ion beam was down to 40 nm in diameter under a current of 100 pA with an energy of 20 keV. The sputtered neutral particles are ionized by a femtosecond laser. The ions are introduced into a multi-turn mass analyzer. This instrument would be effective for ultrahigh sensitive analysis of nanosized particles such as return samples from asteroids, comets, and planets. (Ebata, Ishihara, Uchino, Itose; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4857
Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.4857, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/system/files/pdf/SNMS_21_4.pdf,
Concept URI token: secondaryneutralmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.13.2 Microprobe two step laser mass spectrometry

Child of: secondaryneutralmassspectrometry
Microprobe two-step laser mass spectrometry (microL2MS) is a technique that allows the detection and characterization of organic molecules. Output for point analyses consist of time-of-flight spectra and where appropriate low resolution optical location images. Each spectrum represent the time varying signal recorded by the microchannel plate (MCP) detector assembly in microL2MS instrument following laser photoionization of neutral species liberated from the surface a sample by a preceeding laser desorption pulse. microL2MS instrument output data products will consist of a variable number of spectra and image files depending on the nature of the sample and number of analysis locations.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: microprobetwosteplasermassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.14 Solid source mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Technique for analysis of elements or isotopes in a solid material.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: solidsourcemassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.15 Spark source mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
(SSMS) a general technique for multielement and isotope trace analyses. In SSMS, the atomic constituents of a sample, housed in a vacuum chamber, are converted by a high-voltage (~30 kV), radio- frequency spark to gaseous ions for mass analysis. The gaseous positive ions formed in the spark plasma are drawn into the analyzer by a dc voltage. Because a spark source produces ions with a wide range of kinetic energies, double-focusing mass spectrometers are required for mass analysis of the ions. When electron multipliers are used with double-focusing instruments, the spectrum is scanned by varying the magnetic field of the magnetic analyzer. The use of this technique leveled off and then declined with the appearance of ICPMS and some of the other mass spectrometric methods. SSMS is still applied to samples that are not easily dissolved and analyzed by plasma methods. (Skoog, Holler, & Crouch). Mass spectrometry technique. Components: 1) sample preparation: not specified 2) ionization: spark source. NOTE: spark source systems commonly use double focusing mass analyzers.
Alternate labels: ISOTOPE-DILUTION MULTI-ION COUNTING SPARK-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION SPARK-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY, MULTI-ION COUNTING SPARK-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY, SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY - ISOTOPE DILUTION, SPARK-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: sparksourcemassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.16 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Child of: massspectrometry
Mass spectrometry technique in which sample undergoes and extraction process to concetrate analyte of interest in a solution that is then placed on a filament, loaded into the mass spectrometer instrument; filaments are heated electrically, causing evaporation and ionization of the analytes, which are then introduced to the mass analyzer. Components: 1) sample preparation: not specified; 2) ionization: thermal ionization
Alternate labels: CHEMICAL ABRASION THERMAL-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, HIGH-ABUNDANCE SENSITIVITY THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE DILUTION CHEMICAL ABRASION THERMAL-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION SOLID-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY, ISOTOPE-DILUTION THERMAL-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, MULTI-COLLECTOR THERMAL-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY, THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY ISOTOPE DILUTION,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: thermalionizationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.16.1 Negative ion thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Child of: thermalionizationmassspectrometry
Mass spectrometer techinque. Components: 1) sample processing- dissolution, isotope dilution; 2) ionization: thermal ionization; analyte: negative ions.
Alternate labels: ISOTOPE-DILUTION NEGATIVE ION THERMAL-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: negativeionthermalionizationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.3.16.2 Positive ion thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Child of: thermalionizationmassspectrometry
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: positiveionthermalionizationmassspectrometry

2.1.17.2.4 Nuclear reaction spectrometry

Child of: gammarayspectrometry particlespectrometry
ion-beam-based analytical method with direct observation of nuclear reactions induced by highly energetic (Me V domain) charged particles. All these reactions are characterized by the prompt emission of charged particles (protons or helium-4 ions) and/or gamma-rays. Method is dedicated to quantitative determination of volumetric distributions of light elements from Z = 1 (H) to Z = 41 (Ga) in the near surface region of solids. (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a6208.pub2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reaction_analysis)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: nuclearreactionspectrometry

2.1.17.3 Photon spectrometry

Child of: spectrometry
Analysis of the energy distribution of photons emitted from a sample.
Concept URI token: photonspectrometry

2.1.17.3.1 Fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
measurement the [energy, power?] of fluorescent radiation produced by a sample exposed to monochromatic radiation, used to identify the presence and the amount of specific molecules in a sample (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorometer). A type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light; typically, but not necessarily, visible light (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy)
Alternate labels: ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY, FLUOROMETRY, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Fluorimetry, Spectrofluorometry,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, NASA,
Concept URI token: fluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.3.2 Gamma ray spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
Technique that measures the energy of gamma-rays emitted by a sample over a spectrum of wavelengths. By comparing the measured spectral distribution and energy to the known energy of gamma-rays produced by radioisotopes, the identity of the emitter can be determined.
Alternate labels: GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: gammarayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.2.1 Mossbauer spectrometry

Child of: gammarayspectrometry
In its most common form a solid sample is exposed to a beam of gamma radiation, and a detector measures the intensity of the beam transmitted through the sample. The atoms in the source emitting the gamma rays must be of the same isotope as the atoms in the sample absorbing them. The source is accelerated through a range of velocities using a linear motor to produce a Doppler effect and scan the gamma ray energy through a given range. In the resulting spectra, gamma ray intensity is plotted as a function of the source velocity. At velocities corresponding to the resonant energy levels of the sample, a fraction of the gamma rays are absorbed, resulting in a drop in the measured intensity and a corresponding dip in the spectrum. The number, positions, and intensities of the dips (also called peaks; dips in transmitted intensity are peaks in absorbance) provide information about the chemical environment of the absorbing nuclei and can be used to characterize the sample. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy)
Alternate labels: Mossbauer spectroscopy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: mossbauerspectroscopy

2.1.17.3.2.2 Nuclear reaction spectrometry

Child of: gammarayspectrometry particlespectrometry
ion-beam-based analytical method with direct observation of nuclear reactions induced by highly energetic (Me V domain) charged particles. All these reactions are characterized by the prompt emission of charged particles (protons or helium-4 ions) and/or gamma-rays. Method is dedicated to quantitative determination of volumetric distributions of light elements from Z = 1 (H) to Z = 41 (Ga) in the near surface region of solids. (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a6208.pub2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reaction_analysis)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: nuclearreactionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3 Infrared spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
The infrared spectrometer (or spectrophotometer) measures the relative amount of energy as a function of the wavelength/frequency of the infrared radiation when it passes through a sample. The two types of the infrared spectrometer are dispersive infrared spectrometer (DS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIS). (https://conductscience.com/the-basics-of-infrared-spectrophotometry/)
Alternate labels: INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY, INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://conductscience.com/the-basics-of-infrared-spectrophotometry/, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: infraredspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.1 Combustion infrared spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry
Composite process, with combustion of sample and infrared spectrographic analysis of constituents. [Need more information – ?emission or absorption?, is light from the combution analyzed, or does it produce an extract that is then passed to the spectrometer? ]
Alternate labels: COMBUSTION-INFRARED ANALYSIS, COMBUSTION-INFRARED TECHNIQUE,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: combustioninfraredspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry
A technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. Light from a polychromatic infrared source is collimated and directed to a beam splitter. Half the light is directed to a fixed mirror and the rest to a moving mirror. The light from the two paths is recombined, resulting in constructive or destructive interference that is a function of wavelength in the polychromatic light source and the path retardation determined by different path lengths from the moving mirror. The recombined light is focused on the sample and reflected or transmitted light is refocused onto a detector. The difference in optical path length between the two arms to the interferometer is known as the retardation or optical path difference (OPD). An interferogram is obtained by varying the retardation and recording the signal from the detector for various values of the retardation. The interferogram when no sample is present is used as a reference to compare. When a sample is present the background interferogram is modulated by the presence of absorption bands in the sample. The interferogram is converted to a spectrum by Fourier transformation. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier- transform_infrared_spectroscopy, Skoog, Holler & Crouch p. 188-192)
Alternate labels: FOURIER TRANSFORM IR SPECTROSCOPY
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: fouriertransforminfraredspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.3 Infrared absorption spectrometry

Child of: atomicabsorptionspectrometry infraredspectrometry
Identify composition of gas(es) in a sample by detecting the absorption of infrared wavelengths that are characteristic of that gas. Infrared energy is emitted from a heated filament. By optically filtering the energy, the radiation spectrum is limited to the absorption band of the gas being measured. A detector measures the energy after the infrared energy has passed through the gas to be measured. This is compared to the energy at reference condition of no absorption. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer)
Alternate labels: INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, INFRARED GAS ANALYSIS, INFRARED GAS ANALYZER,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: infraredabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.4 Infrared optical spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry
Concept URI token: infraredopticalspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.4.1 Catalytic combustion analysis

Child of: infraredopticalspectrometry
[might be:] The 680 degree C combustion catalytic oxidation method achieves total combustion of samples by heating them to 680 degree C in an oxygen-rich environment inside TC combustion tubes filled with a platinum catalyst. Since this utilizes the simple principle of oxidation through heating and combustion, pretreatment and post- treatment using oxidizing agents are unnecessary, which enhances operability. The carbon dioxide generated by oxidation is detected using an infrared gas analyzer (NDIR). (https://www.shimadzu.eu.com/680-%C2%B0c-combustion-catalytic- oxidation-method-measurement-principles; https://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/abs/pii/0304420388900436)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: catalyticcombustionanalysis

2.1.17.3.3.5 Infrared transmission spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry transmissionspectrometry
In transmission IR spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through a sample. Some of the IR radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of it is passed through (transmitted). The resulting spectrum represents the molecular absorption and transmission, creating a molecular fingerprint of the sample. (Q. Ye, P. Spencer, in Material-Tissue Interfacial Phenomena, 2017)
Alternate labels: TRANSMISSION IR SPECTROSCOPY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: infraredtransmissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.3.6 LECO furnace analysis

Child of: infraredspectrometry
LECO analysis uses infrared absorption and thermal conductivity to measure combustion gases from sample. This process determines the presence and concentration of carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. LECO analysis converts the elements from a sample into their oxidized form by utilizing either the gas fusion method (Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) or the combustion method (Carbon and Sulfur). (https://www.element.com/materials-testing-services/chemical-analysis- labs/leco-analysis)
Alternate labels: LECO FURNACE
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.element.com/materials-testing-services/chemical-analysis-labs/leco-analysis,
Concept URI token: lecofurnaceanalysis

2.1.17.3.3.7 Nanoscale infrared spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry
Technique uses a pulsed, tunable IR source to excite molecular absorption in a sample. As the sample absorbs radiation, it heats up, leading to rapid thermal expansion that excites resonant oscillations of the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM), which is detected using the standard AFM photodiode measurement system. These induced oscillations decay in a characteristic ringdown that can be analyzed to extract the amplitudes and frequencies of the oscillations. By measuring the amplitudes of the cantilever oscillation as a function of the source wavelength, local absorption spectra are created. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70205-4)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70205-4, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: nanoscaleinfraredspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4 Optical spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
analytical techniques in which the spectra of visible or ultraviolet light emitted or absobed by, or transmitted through a sample is analyzed to obtain information about the composition of the sample.
Alternate labels: OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: opticalspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry

Child of: opticalspectrometry
Analytical technique used to measure a wide range of elements in materials such as metals, pottery and glass, based on absorption of light by free metallic ions. The sample is accurately weighed and then dissolved, often using strong acids. The resulting solution is sprayed into the flame of the instrument and atomized. Light of a suitable wavelength for a particular element is shone through the flame, and some of this light is absorbed by the atoms of the sample. Individual elements will absorb wavelengths differently, and these absorbances are measured against standards. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the element in the solution, and hence in the original object. Measurements are made separately for each element of interest in turn to achieve a complete analysis of an object, and thus the technique is relatively slow to use. However, it is very sensitive and it can measure trace elements down to the part per million level, as well as being able to measure elements present in minor and major amounts. The method requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy; (https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/spectroscopy- elemental-isotope-analysis/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis- learning-center/trace-elemental-analysis-tea-information/atomic- absorption-aa-information.html)). Although it is a destructive technique (unlike ED-XRF), the sample size needed is very small (typically about 10 milligrams - i.e. one hundredth of a gram) and its removal causes little damage. Additional information available at http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/text/techniques/sr-tech- aas-t.html
Alternate labels: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, MICROABSORPTION ANALYSIS,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: atomicabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.1.1 Electrothermal absorption spectrometry

Child of: atomicabsorptionspectrometry
A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: electrothermalabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.1.2 Infrared absorption spectrometry

Child of: atomicabsorptionspectrometry infraredspectrometry
Identify composition of gas(es) in a sample by detecting the absorption of infrared wavelengths that are characteristic of that gas. Infrared energy is emitted from a heated filament. By optically filtering the energy, the radiation spectrum is limited to the absorption band of the gas being measured. A detector measures the energy after the infrared energy has passed through the gas to be measured. This is compared to the energy at reference condition of no absorption. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer)
Alternate labels: INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, INFRARED GAS ANALYSIS, INFRARED GAS ANALYZER,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: infraredabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.1.3 Laser absorption spectrometry

Child of: atomicabsorptionspectrometry
Related resource [could not find clear definition of technique]: Liquid-Water Isotope Analyzer uses tunable, off-axis integrated-cavity High-Resolution Laser Absorption Spectroscopy to measure hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition (delta 18O and delta 2H) in liquid water samples. (https://eal.ucmerced.edu/instrumentation/water-isotope- analyzer; https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:43008377)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: laserabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.2 Colormetric analysis

Child of: opticalspectrometry wetchemistry
A method of chemical analysis in which reagents are added to a solution to form coloured compounds with specific elements. The intensity of the colour, measured on a spectrophotometer, is proportional to the concentration of the element. (‘colorimetric analysis .’ A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. 21 Dec. 2022 <https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses- pictures-and-press-releases/colorimetric-analysis>.)
Alternate labels: COLORIMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/colorimetric-analysis,
Concept URI token: colormetricanalysis

2.1.17.3.4.3 Emission spectrometry

Child of: opticalspectrometry
is a method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame, plasma, arc, or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line in the emission spectrum gives the identity of the element while the intensity of the emitted light is proportional to the number of atoms of the element. The sample may be excited by various methods: flame, inductively coupled plasma, and spark being the most common. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy)
Alternate labels: DIRECT READING OPTICAL EMISSIONS SPECTROSCOPY, DROES,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: emissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.1 Fire assay emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry wetchemistry
Used for Platinum group element (PGE) analyses. The sample is decomposed by heating with nickel sulfide to form a button that is then dissolved in acid. PGE constituents remain in the insoluble residue. After filtering, the residue is dissolved with aqua regia or a mixture of HCl and H2O2 and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.
Alternate labels: NICKEL SULFIDE FIRE ASSAY ISOTOPE DILUTION ANALYSIS
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb
Concept URI token: fireassayemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.2 Flame emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry
Emission spectrometry in which emission of photons is induced by introducing the sample into a flame.
Alternate labels: FLAME PHOTOMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: flameemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.3 Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry
rapid chemical analysis technique that uses a short laser pulse to create a micro-plasma on the sample surface. The highly energetic laser pulse is focused on sample surface to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites atoms from the sample, which then emit light that is spectroscopically analyzed. Advantages include: 1) minimal sample preparation; 2) fast measurement time (second) for a single spot analysis; 3) Broad elemental coverage, including lighter elements, such as H, Be, Li, C, N, O, Na, and Mg; 4) ability to raster the sample surface and make depth profiles; 5) Thin-sample analysis with no substrate interference. A typical detection limit of LIBS for heavy metallic elements is in the low-PPM range. LIBS is applicable to a wide range of sample matrices that include metals, semiconductors, glasses, biological tissues, insulators, plastics, soils, plants, soils, thin-paint coating, and electronic materials.
Source: MetBase, https://appliedspectra.com/technology/libs.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20668-9, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy,
Concept URI token: laserinducedbreakdownspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.4 Optical emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry
chemical analysis technique in which sample is heated to temperatures at which atoms emit light at characteristic wavelengths; the light is analyzed spectroscopically and compared with standards to determine composition
Concept URI token: opticalemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.5 Plasma optical emission spectrometry

Child of: opticalemissionspectrometry plasmaemissionspectrometry
an emission spectrometry technique in which emission of ultraviolet or visible light is induced by introducing sample into a plasma. There are various techniques for generating plasma.
Alternate labels: DIRECTLY COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: plasmaopticalemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.6 Plasma emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry
an emission spectrometry technique in which emission of photons is induced by introducing sample into a plasma. There are various techniques for generating plasma.
Alternate labels: MICROWAVE PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: plasmaemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.7 Direct current plasma emission spectrometry

Child of: plasmaemissionspectrometry
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. (https://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/prospect/o ntology.asp?id=CMO:0000265&MSID=b200027j)
Alternate labels: DIRECT-CURRENT PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/prospect/ontology.asp?id=CMO:0000265,
Concept URI token: directcurrentplasmaemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.8 Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Child of: plasmaemissionspectrometry
technique for determining the composition of a sample by heating it to the point that the material emits photons, and analyzing the wavelenth of the emitted photons. The sample is heated to emission temperatures using an inductively coupled plasma
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: inductivelycoupledplasmaemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.9 Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmaemissionspectrometry
technique for determining the composition of a sample by heating it to the point that the material emits light, and analyzing the wavelenth of the emitted ultraviolet to visible wavelength light. The sample is heated to emission temperatures using and inductively coupled plasma. The ICP-OES is an optical emission spectrophotometric technique that requires samples to be in solution form. The solution gets introduced to the hot plasma, which excites the electrons that emit energy at a given wavelength as they return to ground state. Each element emits energy at a specific wavelength according to its chemical character. The intensity of the energy emitted at a specific wavelength is proportional to the concentration of that particular sample. The elemental composition can be determined by comparing to a set of reference standards. The final elemental composition can be expressed as ppm or mg/L.
Alternate labels: INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: inductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.10 Plasma optical emission spectrometry

Child of: opticalemissionspectrometry plasmaemissionspectrometry
an emission spectrometry technique in which emission of ultraviolet or visible light is induced by introducing sample into a plasma. There are various techniques for generating plasma.
Alternate labels: DIRECTLY COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: plasmaopticalemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.3.11 Ultraviolet emission spectrometry

Child of: emissionspectrometry
Technique based on spectrometer analysis of light emitted in the ultraviolet frequence range.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb
Concept URI token: ultravioletemissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.4 Plasma optical spectrometry

Child of: opticalspectrometry
Emission, absorption, or transmission spectroscopy to analyze properties of sample atomized using a plasma. Plasma might be generated by different methods, e.g. inductive coupling, laser resonance, spark.
Concept URI token: plasmaopticalspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.4.1 Direct current plasma spectrometry

Child of: plasmaopticalspectrometry
A type of spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. Could be absorption, emission or transmission spectral analysis.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: directcurrentplasmaspectrometry

2.1.17.3.4.5 Spectrophotometry

Child of: opticalspectrometry
measurement of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength) of the radiation; radiation enters the meter through a slit and is dispersed by means of a prism. (Source: NASA; UUID: 3f7c8cc2-e3c3-4dfd-a17f-9d480f1f7179)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, NASA,
Concept URI token: spectrophotometry

2.1.17.3.5 Transmission spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
Spectrographic techniques based on spectra of electromagnetic radiation that is transmitted through a sample.
Concept URI token: transmissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.5.1 Infrared transmission spectrometry

Child of: infraredspectrometry transmissionspectrometry
In transmission IR spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through a sample. Some of the IR radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of it is passed through (transmitted). The resulting spectrum represents the molecular absorption and transmission, creating a molecular fingerprint of the sample. (Q. Ye, P. Spencer, in Material-Tissue Interfacial Phenomena, 2017)
Alternate labels: TRANSMISSION IR SPECTROSCOPY
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc
Concept URI token: infraredtransmissionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6 X-ray spectrometry

Child of: photonspectrometry
Analysis of the energy distribution of photons in the X-ray wavelength range that are emitted from a sample.
Concept URI token: xrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.1 Broad beam X-ray spectrometry

Child of: xrayspectrometry
Technique to induce X-ray emission using a broad (large diameter) ion or electron beam as the excitation. [inferred from https://inis.ia ea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/30/060/30060365.pdf, but not really clear what is meant here…]
Alternate labels: BROAD BEAM ANALYSIS
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: broadbeamxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.2 Electron induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: xrayspectrometry
Technique to induce X-ray emission using an electron beam as the excitation, and measuring the energy spectra of emitted X-rays. Various X-ray emission peaks are associated with electron energy level quatum intervals for particular elements.
Concept URI token: electroninducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.2.1 Energy dispersive electron induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: electroninducedxrayspectrometry energydispersivexrayspectrometry
Analysis of X-ray spectra generated by electron beam excitation using a Transmission electron microscope instrument
Alternate labels: Elemental spectra (ESPC) measurements, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE-ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAY ANALYSIS, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE-ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAYS, SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAY SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: energydispersiveelectroninducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.2.2 Quantitative analysis electron induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: electroninducedxrayspectrometry
Within a given sample, once the X-ray intensities of each element of interest are “counted” in a detector at a specific beam current, the count rates are compared to those of standards containing known values of the elements of interest. Counting is typically done using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. In turn, the X-ray intensities must be corrected for matrix effects associated with atomic number (Z), absorption (A) and fluorescence (F). This correction procedure is performed within a computer program that takes the raw counting rates of each element, compares these to standards, computes the ZAF correction (or similar type of correction) and displays the results as a function of the weight % of the oxides or elements. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html)
Alternate labels: ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS, ELECTRON MICROPROBE, FIELD EMISSION ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS, FIELD EMISSION ELECTRON MICROPROBE,
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: quantitativeanalysiselectroninducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.2.3 Wavelength dispersive electron induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: electroninducedxrayspectrometry
X-rays are generated in the sample by interaction with the excitation electron beam, and are selected using an analytical crystal(s) with specific lattice spacing(s). When X-rays encounter the analytical crystal at a specific angle theta, only those X-rays that satisfy Bragg’s Law are reflected and a single wavelength is passed on to the detector. The wavelength of the X-rays reflected into the detector may be varied by changing the position of the analyzing crystal relative to the sample i.e. the X-ray source-crystal distance is a linear function of the wavelength. Consequently, X-rays from only one element at a time can be measured on the spectrometer and the position of a given analytical crystal must be changed in order to adjust to a wavelength characteristic of another element. There is commonly more than a single analytical crystal in a WD spectrometer and, in the case of most EPMA instruments, there are typically multiple spectrometers with a suite of analytical crystals so that the spectrometers can reach all of the elemental wavelengths of interest and it will optimize performance in different wavelength ranges. X-rays of specific wavelengths from the analytical crystal are passed on to the X-ray detector. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html)
Alternate labels: Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html
Concept URI token: wavelengthdispersiveelectroninducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.3 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry

Child of: xrayspectrometry
A method for obtaining information about isolated portions of an X-ray spectrum, achieved electronically with devices that discriminate among various parts of a spectrum based on the energy rather than the wavelength of the radiation. The sample is exposed to a polychromatic (multiple wavelength) source (X-rays, or other energetic particles), and the resulting X-rays from the sample are analyzed by detectors with various electronic components required for energy discrimination. The X-ray spectrum is analyzed (in comparison to standards) to provide quantitative or qualitative analysis of constituents in the sample. (Skoog, Holler & Crouch, p. 289)
Alternate labels: ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, Energy dispersive spectroscopy,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/analyticalmethod/skooghollercrouch,
Concept URI token: energydispersivexrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.3.1 Energy dispersive electron induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: electroninducedxrayspectrometry energydispersivexrayspectrometry
Analysis of X-ray spectra generated by electron beam excitation using a Transmission electron microscope instrument
Alternate labels: Elemental spectra (ESPC) measurements, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE-ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAY ANALYSIS, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE-ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAYS, SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ENERGY DISPERSIVE XRAY SPECTROMETRY,
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: energydispersiveelectroninducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.4 Particle induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: particlebeamexcitation xrayspectrometry
An X-ray spectrometry technique in which emisssion of X-rays is induces by bombarding a spot on the sample with ions or sub-atomic particles other than electrons, e.g. neutrons, protons, muons (Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302).
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302
Concept URI token: particleinducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.4.1 Quantitative analysis particle induced X-ray spectrometry

Child of: particleinducedxrayspectrometry
Within a given sample, once the X-ray intensities of each element of interest are “counted” in a detector at a specific beam current, the count rates are compared to those of standards containing known values of the elements of interest. Counting is typically done using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. In turn, the X-ray intensities must be corrected for matrix effects associated with atomic number (Z), absorption (A) and fluorescence (F). This correction procedure is performed within a computer program that takes the raw counting rates of each element, compares these to standards, computes the ZAF correction (or similar type of correction) and displays the results as a function of the weight % of the oxides or elements. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html)
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/wds.html), https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: quantitativeanalysisparticleinducedxrayspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.5 X-ray absorption spectrometry

Child of: xrayspectrometry
In this technique, the sample is exposed to monochromatic X-rays for which the photon energy is tuned to a range where core electrons can be excited (0.1-100 keV). When the incident X-ray energy is larger than the electron binding energy, there is a sharp increase in absorption (an edge). The edge positions are related to the core electron that is excited. Each element has its own edge energy, and an element’s valence can be measured even in a heterogeneous sample. There are three main regions found on a spectrum generated by XAS data which are treated as separate spectroscopic techniques: 1) absorption threshold determined by the transition to the lowest unoccupied states; 2) near-edge structure (XANES); 3) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) (at energy higher than the edge). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter. The experiment is usually performed at synchrotron radiation facilities, which provide intense and tunable X-ray beams. Samples can be in the gas phase, solutions, or solids. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy, https://www.bnl.gov/nsls2/userguide/lectures/lecture-4-ravel.pdf)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy, https://www.bnl.gov/nsls2/userguide/lectures/lecture-4-ravel.pdf,
Concept URI token: xrayabsorptionspectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.5.1 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure

Child of: xrayabsorptionspectrometry
X-ray absorption analysis in which the fine structure of the adsorption spectrum in the range 30 eV to 1 keV above the adsorption edge is used to measure the number and species of neighbouring atoms, their distance from the selected atom, and the thermal or structural disorder of their positions. In the EXAFS region, interference between the wave functions of the core and neighbouring atoms gives a periodic pattern that contains information characterizing the arrangement of atoms, including the number and type of neighbouring atoms and their distance to the absorbing atom. The method uses synchrotron radiation. (Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302
Concept URI token: extendedxrayabsorptionfinestructure

2.1.17.3.6.5.2 X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry

Child of: xrayabsorptionspectrometry
This technique is based on the absorption of an X-ray photon, in which an electron interacts with an incident X-ray to acquire a time dependent acceleration. The electron may then be promoted from a core- orbital to an unoccupied bound or continuum state with an intensity given by Fermi’s Golden Rule. By varying the energy of a monochromatized beam of incident photons, a spectrum of the absorption cross section can be generated. The probability of an excitation sharply increases when the energy of the incident photon reaches the binding energy of a core-electron. In X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) this is referred to as an edge. XANES is a subset of XAS in which the local electronic structure is characterized by investigating the absorption cross section within 50-100 eV of an edge. The XANES region is sensitive to a wealth of electronic structure information, which may be analyzed in three sections. Before the edge, the intensity of pre-edge features is greatly affected by the coordination geometry of the central atom. At the edge, formal oxidation state may be qualitatively assigned, as the energy of the edge position is not an invariant quantity for a given element, the position shifts in accordance with electron density. Finally, coordination shells are interrogated just beyond the edge as the emitted photoelectron scatters off neighboring atoms. (https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/xray- absorption-near-edge-spectroscopy-xanes/)
Alternate labels: X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/xray-absorption-near-edge-spectroscopy-xanes/,
Concept URI token: xrayabsorptionnearedgestructurespectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.6 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: xrayspectrometry
Primary X-rays are used to excite (fluoresce) X-rays that are emitted from the specimen. A fused disc or pressed pellet is used for the determination of major element concentrations or trace element abundances in a bulk specimen. The X-ray detector utilizes a set of diffracting crystals specially positioned to detect one characteristic X-ray at-a-time. This sequential measurement of X-rays is termed Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). Additional information available at ‘http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/labs/xrf.htm’. Measurement method of X-ray fluorescence used to measure amounts of elements in a material. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)
Alternate labels: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, XRF Spectroscopy,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: xrayfluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.6.1 Confocal X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: xrayfluorescencespectrometry
The confocal geometry uses two polycapillary focusing optics for enhanced applications of XRF elemental analysis. An excitation optic focuses a small X-ray beam onto the specimen. A detection optic collects fluorescent X-rays from the sample. Specifically, elemental concentrations are measured within the small probe volume (‘confocal volume’) defined by the intersection of the output focal spot of the excitation optic and the input focal spot of the collection optic. The polycapillary focusing optics act as spatial filters to eliminate background radiation from the sample and increase detection sensitivity for sample elements of interest. Additionally, confocal XRF can be used for elemental depth profiling. Confocal XRF acts as a material probe by exciting and detecting emitted characteristic X-ray photons from within the confocal analysis volume as this volume is through the sample. In this way elemental concentrations can be measured on the object’s surface and throughout the object’s interior. (https://www.xos.com/Confocal-XRF)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, https://www.xos.com/Confocal-XRF,
Concept URI token: confocalxrayfluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.6.2 Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: xrayfluorescencespectrometry
an X-ray Fluorescence techniques used for elemental analysis applications. In EDXRF spectrometers, all of the elements in the sample are excited simultaneously, and an energy dispersive detector in combination with a multi-channel analyzer is used to simultaneously collect the fluorescence radiation emitted from the sample and then separate the different energies of the characteristic radiation from each of the different sample elements. Resolution of EDXRF systems is dependent upon the detector, and typically ranges from 150 eV – 600 eV. The principal advantages of EDXRF systems are their simplicity, fast operation, lack of moving parts, and high source efficiency. (https://www.xos.com/EDXRF; Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)
Alternate labels: ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDX), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDXS),
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb, https://www.xos.com/EDXRF,
Concept URI token: energydispersivexrayfluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.6.3 Synchroton X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: xrayfluorescencespectrometry
Analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectra generated by excitation using a synchrotron radiation source instead of X-ray tube as excitation source. Synchrotron radiation source has the characteristics of high intensity and high collimation. ( https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-5328-5_6 ). Synchrotron radiation is light emitted when a beam of electrons traveling close to light speed is bent away from a straight trajectory. (https://www.radiasoft.net/blog/synchrotron- radiation-101-light-sources). It is characterized by high brightness– many orders of magnitude brighter than conventional sources–and [is highly polarized], tunable, collimated (consisting of almost parallel rays) and concentrated over a small area (https://www.iop.org/publications/iop/2011/page_47511.html#gref [page no longer accessible])
Alternate labels: SYNCHROTON X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, Synchrotron-based X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation induced X-ray fluorescence analysis,
Source: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-5328-5_6, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: synchrotonxrayfluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.3.6.6.4 Micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: synchrotonxrayfluorescencespectrometry
Measurement method of X-ray fluorescence used to measure amounts of elements in a material. Micro-XRF analysis uses highly brilliant X-ray sources (synchrotron source and spot size 100 nm to 2 micron) and microfocussing X-ray optics to give femtogram to attogram detection limits. (Source: IUPAC; Chai et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302).
Alternate labels: Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Micro X-ray fluorescence, X-ray fluorescence analysis,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302
Concept URI token: microxrayfluorescencespectroscopy

2.1.17.3.6.6.5 Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence tomography

Child of: synchrotonxrayfluorescencespectrometry xraycomputedtomography
X-ray flourescence spectrometery focused to extract inforamtion from inside the volume of a sample, with X-rays sourced from a synchrotron.
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex
Concept URI token: synchrotronxrayfluorescencetomography

2.1.17.3.6.6.6 Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Child of: xrayfluorescencespectrometry
a surface elemental analysis technique often used for the ultra- trace analysis of particles, residues, and impurities on smooth surfaces. TXRF is essentially an energy dispersive XRF technique arranged in a special geometry. An incident beam impinges upon a polished flat sample carrier at angles below the critical angle of external total reflection for X-rays, resulting in the reflection of most of the excitation beam photons at this surface. Since Total Reflection angle depends on the energy of the photon, one can use this effect to eliminate the high energy photons from the excitation spectrum and minimize their contribution to the background in the measured spectra, thus making possible to achieve better detection limits. Due to this configuration, the measured spectral background in TXRF is less than in conventional XRF. This reduction results in increased signal to noise ratio. (https://www- pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TCS-51/html/pdf/Section%201.pdf)
Alternate labels: total reflection X- ray fluorescence analysis
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TCS-51/html/pdf/Section%201.pdf,
Concept URI token: totalreflectionxrayfluorescencespectrometry

2.1.17.4 Raman spectrometry

Child of: spectrometry
Measurement principle of molecular spectroscopy based on Raman scattering. (Source: IUAPC; https://iupac.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf). Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. This technique uses a source of monochromatic electromagnetic radiation to interact with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the analyzed sample resulting in the energy of the incident photons being shifted up or down. The light source is typically a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, although X-rays can also be used. The shift in energy from the incident source gives information about the vibrational modes in the analyzed sample. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the incident excitation is filtered out, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector.
Alternate labels: Laser Raman Microanalysis, Raman Spectroscopy, Raman vibrational spectroscopy, Raman,
Source: https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex, DFG,
Concept URI token: ramanspectrometry

2.1.18 Surface analysis

Child of: analyticalmethod
Analytical techniques focused on characterizing the surface of a sample.
Concept URI token: surfaceanalysis

2.1.18.1 AFM topography imaging

Child of: imagingtechniques surfaceanalysis
a sharp probe tip mounted on a microcantilever scans over the specimen line by line, whereby the topographic image of the sample surface is generated by ‘feeling’ rather than ‘looking.’ (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_496). As the tip approaches the surface, the close-range, attractive forces between the surface and the tip causes the cantilever to deflect towards the surface. However, as the cantilever is brought even closer to the surface, until the tip makes contact with it, increasingly repulsive forces takes over and causes the cantilever to deflect away from the surface. (https://lnf- wiki.eecs.umich.edu/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy)
Source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_496, https://lnf-wiki.eecs.umich.edu/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: afmtopographyimaging

2.1.18.2 Temperature programmed desorption electron probe analysis

Child of: surfaceanalysis
carried out by placing a catalyst inside a reactor and pushing an inert gas into the chamber. Alternatively the sample can be located in a UHV chamber with no carrier gas. The sample is dosed with a probe gas such as CO, NH3, H2 etc. The sample is then increased in temperature at a linear ramp rate and the desorption products analysed by a mass spectrometer. This technique is powerful and effective in obtaining information about surface chemistry. (https://www.hidenanalytical.com/blog/what-temperature-programmed- desorption-tpd/)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://www.hidenanalytical.com/blog/what-temperature-programmed-desorption-tpd/,
Concept URI token: temperatureprogrammeddesorptionelectronprobeanalysis

2.1.19 Track counting

Child of: analyticalmethod
Techniques that measure microscopic damage tracks due to radioactive decay of atoms in the sample.
Concept URI token: trackcounting

2.1.19.1 Alpha recoil track counting

Child of: geochronology trackcounting
Like fission-track dating, alpha-recoil track (ART) dating is based on the accumulation of nuclear particles that are released by natural radioactivity and produce etchable tracks in solids. ARTs are formed during the alpha-decay of uranium and thorium as well as of their daughter nuclei. When emitting an alpha-particle, the heavy remaining nucleus recoils 30-40 nm, leaving behind a trail of radiation damage. Through etching the ART tracks become visible with interference phase- contrast microscopy. Alpha-recoil dating has a great potential for Quaternary chronometry and tephrochronology. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00185-0)
Alternate labels: ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS DATING
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00185-0, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc,
Concept URI token: alpharecoiltrackcounting

2.1.19.2 Fission track counting

Child of: geochronology trackcounting
Fission track age with correction applied for partial annealing using Isothermal plateau correction (https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90017-V)
Alternate labels: FISSION TRACK, ISOTHERMAL PLATEAU FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90017-V, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/petdb,
Concept URI token: fissiontrackcounting

2.1.19.3 Nuclear particle track counting

Child of: trackcounting
[? guess ] Technique used to measure the 222Rn concentration (Bq.m-3) in occupational and domestic environments. The detector employed is the LEXAN plastic. An electrochemical process is used to reveal the tracks generated at the detector surface by the incidence of the alpha particles from radon and its progeny decay ( Andrade Pinheiro and Cardozo, 2009, https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollec tionStore/_Public/41/057/41057319.pdf)
Source: https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat
Concept URI token: nuclearparticletrackcounting

2.1.20 X-ray diffraction

Child of: analyticalmethod
Measurement method using diffraction of X-radiation to obtain the spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystalline sample. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg’s Law (n‘lambda’=2dsin(theta)). This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By changing the geometry of the incident rays, the sample, and the detector, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice should be attained.(https://serc.carleton.ed u/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRD.html) Copper K-a radiation (l = 0.15406 nm, E = 8.04 keV) is typically used for routine XRD. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302). Technique based on observing the scattered intensity of an X-ray beam hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and wavelength or energy where the scattering is elastic and the scattering object is crystalline, so that the resulting pattern contains sharp spots analyzed by X-ray crystallography. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques)
Alternate labels: X-RAY DIFFRACTION SPECTROMETRY, X-ray diffraction analysis,
Source: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302, https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRD.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/astromat, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/georoc, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/orex,
Concept URI token: xraydiffraction

2.1.20.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction

Child of: xraydiffraction
Single-crystal X-ray Diffraction is a non-destructive analytical technique which provides detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg’s Law (n‘lambda’=2dsin(theta)). This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By changing the geometry of the incident rays, the orientation of the centered crystal and the detector, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice should be attained. Single-crystal diffractometers use either 3- or 4-circle goniometers. These circles refer to the four angles (2*theta, ‘chi’, ‘phi’, and ‘omega’) that define the relationship between the crystal lattice, the incident ray and detector. Samples are mounted on thin glass fibers which are attached to brass pins and mounted onto goniometer heads. Adjustment of the X, Y and Z orthogonal directions allows centering of the crystal within the X-ray beam. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction is most commonly used for precise determination of a unit cell, including cell dimensions and positions of atoms within the lattice. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/t echniques/SXD.html)
Alternate labels: X-ray crystallography, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffraction,
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/SXD.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox, DFG,
Concept URI token: singlecrystalxraydiffraction

2.1.20.2 X-ray powder diffraction

Child of: xraydiffraction
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined. The geometry of an X-ray diffractometer is such that the sample rotates in the path of the collimated X-ray beam at an angle theta while the X-ray detector is mounted on an arm to collect the diffracted X-rays and rotates at an angle of 2*theta. The instrument used to maintain the angle and rotate the sample is termed a goniometer. For typical powder patterns, data is collected at 2theta from ~5degree to 70degree, angles that are preset in the X-ray scan. X-ray powder diffraction is most widely used for the identification of unknown crystalline materials (e.g. minerals, inorganic compounds). (h ttps://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/X RD.html)
Alternate labels: Powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction snalysis, X-ray diffraction,
Source: https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRD.html, https://w3id.org/geochem/1.0/agent/geox,
Concept URI token: xraypowderdiffraction