Concept Schemes in this file

Instruments used to analyze geologic samples

Workflow components in geological sample analysis methods

Analytical methods for geochemistry

This file generated at: “2023-03-07T14:14:17.877534+00:00”

Concept scheme: Instruments used to analyze geologic samples

Vocabulary last modified: 2023-02-17

subtitle: This concept scheme contains skos concepts for instruments used to characterize geologic samples.

Namespace: http://w3id.org/def/geochem/analyticaltechnique/instrument

History

Concepts

Analytical Instrument

  • top concept for instruments

  • Source: add top concept

  • Concept URI token: analyticalinstrument

Bioanalytical instrument

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: bioanalyticalinstrument

Flow Cytometer

qPCR Cycler

  • Child of: bioanalyticalinstrument

  • Real-time PCR thermal cyclers, or qPCR machines, quantify DNA copies and enable experiments in gene expression, genetic variation, genotyping, and specific detection of rare targets, bacteria, and viruses. Real-time PCR instruments measure signals generated by fluorescent probes that are proportional to DNA amplification, allowing accurate quantification. These specialized instruments are capable of quantifying very small amounts of DNA with good dynamic range. In addition, data can be readily analyzed without post-PCR processing, such as running agarose gels. (https://www.biocompare.com/PCR-Real-Time-PCR/22353-Real-Time-PCR- Thermal-Cyclers-Thermocyclers/)

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: qpcrcycler

Chromatography Stationary Bed

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: chromatographystationarybed

Gas Chromatography Column

Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector

  • Child of: gaschromatographycolumn

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographyflameionizationdetector

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: gaschromatographycolumn

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographymassspectrometer

Gas Chromatography Thermal Conductivity Detector

  • Child of: gaschromatographycolumn

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographythermalconductivitydetector

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector

  • Child of: gaschromatographycolumn

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographyflameionizationdetector

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: gaschromatographycolumn

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographymassspectrometer

Liquid Chromatography Column

High Performance Liquid Chromatograph

Ion Chromatograph

Liquid Chromatography Organic Carbon Detection Instrument

Current-Wind Meters

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: currentwindmeters

Anemometers

  • Child of: currentwindmeters

  • a device that measures wind speed and direction.

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: anemometers

Eddy Correlation Devices

  • Child of: currentwindmeters

  • EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES are devices that use the method of measuring the flux densities of mass, heat, and momentum across a plane at a point in turbulent flow; EDDY CORRELATION is defined as the covariance between two variables associated with turbulent motions.. . EDDY CORRELATION DEVICES are devices that use the method of measuring the flux densities of mass, heat, and momentum across a plane at a point in turbulent flow; EDDY CORRELATION is defined as the covariance between two variables associated with turbulent motions. (Source: NASA; UUID: f5a3c5f6-b575-48f4-8479-2bc4092c8f99)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: eddycorrelationdevices

Electrochemical instrument

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: electrochemicalinstrument

Amperometric Sensor

Conductivity Sensor

  • Child of: electrochemicalinstrument

  • Sensor that measures the electrical conductance per unit distance in an electrolytic or aqueous solution. (Source: NASA; UUID: b5d7c2cb-60c4-4dfe-bdc9-31e9fcc97dd0)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: conductivitysensor

pH-sensitive electrode

  • Child of: electrochemicalinstrument

  • Potentiometric electrochemical sensor that measures pH as a linear function of electrode potential. Measurement principles or methods include the use of an ion-selective electrode (see glass pH-sensitive electrode), ion-selective field effect transistor, metal-metal oxide electrodes, or redox electrode (e.g. hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109).

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: phsensitiveelectrode

Potentiometric Sensor

Redox Electrode

Electron-Optical Instrument

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: electronopticalinstrument

Electron Microprobe

  • Child of: electronopticalinstrument

  • An electron microprobe is an electron microscope designed for the non-destructive x-ray microanalysis and imaging of solid materials. It is capable of high spatial resolution and relatively high analytical sensitivity. [Source: Caltech]. . This is a general term for methods using bombardment of a solid specimen by electrons which generate a variety of signals providing the basis for a number of different analytical techniques. (Source: IUPAC; https://media.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: electronmicroprobe

Scanning Electron Microscope

  • Child of: electronopticalinstrument

  • By scanning an electron probe across a specimen, high resolution images of the morphology or topography of a specimen, with great depth of field, at very low or very high magnifications can be obtained. Compositional analysis of a material may also be obtained by monitoring secondary X-rays produced by the electron-specimen interaction. Thus detailed maps of elemental distribution can be produced from multi-phase materials or complex, bio-active materials. Characterization of fine particulate matter in terms of size, shape, and distribution as well as statistical analyses of these parameters, may be performed. (Source: NASA; UUID: 04e586f0-569b-467d-b9ca-b43bc6802f4b)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: scanningelectronmicroscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

  • Child of: electronopticalinstrument

  • Instrument that projects a beam of electrons through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. Multiple operating modes based on electron imaging include conventional imaging, scanning TEM imaging (STEM), and electron diffraction. In STEM the electron beam is focused to a fine spot (with the typical spot size 0.05 – 0.2 nm) which is then scanned over the sample in a raster illumination system constructed so that the sample is illuminated at each point with the beam parallel to the optical axis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy) (Source: NASA; UUID: e5ab49d5-5f99-43d6-85bd-8db629f7bc7b)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: transmissionelectronmicroscope

Elemental Analyzer

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: elementalanalyzer

Carbon Analyzer

  • Child of: elementalanalyzer

  • A CARBON ANALYZER is an instrument that performs analyses on the element of carbon and its many forms; studies all aspects of state, behavior, formation, and composition. (Source: NASA; UUID: b46bf990-c49d-4302-96ee-dce3c4f96d08)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: carbonanalyzer

Total Organic Carbon Analyzer

  • Child of: carbonanalyzer

  • Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is a well-defined and commonly used methodology that measures the carbon content of dissolved and particulate organic matter present in water. E.g. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100KJHK.PDF?Dockey=P100KJHK.PDF [Summary provided by the EPA] (Source: NASA; UUID: 58ac7544-7271-4957-a70a-ea7c1a1ae094)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: totalorganiccarbonanalyzer

Magnetometer

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • MAGNETOMETERS measure the Earth’s magnetic field intensity. (Source: NASA; UUID: deac2632-5c17-4d15-ae92-c61ebc5a405a).

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: magnetometer

Material property measurement instrument

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: materialpropertyinstrument

Differential Scanning Calorimeter

Porosimeter

  • Child of: materialpropertyinstrument

  • Instrument that uses the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material to determine pore size based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid’s surface tension. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosimetry)

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: porosimeter

Soil Heat Flux Transducer

  • Child of: materialpropertyinstrument

  • Soil heat flux is commonly measured using a soil heat flux transducer (plate.) The soil heat flux transducer should be made as thin as possible and constructed of a material that does not absorb water and has a thermal conductivity that does not impede heat flow. A heat flow transducer (Model HFT-1) built by Micromet systems is constructed of high thermal conductivity epoxy to prevent ground potential pickup. This instrument also has low resistance to heat flow, requires no power input and has a linear calibration. Additional information available at ‘http://snrs.unl.edu/agmet/408/instruments/soilheat.html’ [Summary provided by University of Nebraska-Lincoln]. .

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: soilheatfluxtransducer

Tensiometer

  • Child of: materialpropertyinstrument

  • A TENSIOMETER is an instrument used to measure the soil moisture tension in the vadose zone and are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water. (Source: USGS; https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus- full.php?thcode=2)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: tensiometer

Variable Field Translation Balance

  • Child of: materialpropertyinstrument

  • The variable field translation balance (VFTB) is an instrument for measuring isothermal magnetizations in variable fields (e.g., hysteresis loops) as well as the temperature dependence of the associated magnetic parameters. It is specifically designed to measure the weak magnetizations commonly encountered in rock magnetism. (Source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4423-6_312).

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: variablefieldtranslationbalance

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: nuclearmagneticresonancespectrometer

Optical instrument

  • Child of: analyticalinstrument

  • Source: Instrument general types

  • Concept URI token: opticalinstrument

Binocular

  • Child of: opticalinstrument

  • A pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side- by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models.. .

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: binocular

Microscope

  • Child of: opticalinstrument

  • MICROSCOPES are instruments that magnify the image of small objects. (Source: NASA; UUID: 99f640d4-6b01-4646-b4e2-315885e01bf4)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: microscope

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

  • Child of: microscope

  • optical imaging instrument that increases optical resolution and contrast by means of a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. Capturing multiple two-dimensional images at different depths in a sample enables the reconstruction of three- dimensional structures (a process known as optical sectioning) within an object. A confocal microscope focuses a small beam of light at one narrow depth level at a time to achieve a controlled and highly limited depth of field. The point illumination and a pinhole in an optically conjugate plane in front of the detector eliminate out-of- focus signal – the name ‘confocal’ stems from this configuration. As only light from very close to the focal plane can be detected, the image’s optical resolution, particularly in the sample depth direction, is much better than that of wide-field microscopes. Much of the light is blocked at the pinhole resulting in decreased signal intensity, so long exposures are often required. To offset this drop in signal after the pinhole, the light intensity is detected by a sensitive detector, usually a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or avalanche photodiode, transforming the light signal into an electrical one. As only one point in the sample is illuminated at a time, 2D or 3D imaging requires scanning over a regular raster in the specimen. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy)

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: confocallaserscanningmicroscope

Fluorescence Microscope

  • Child of: microscope

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: fluorescencemicroscope

Photometer

Spectrometer

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: atomicabsorptionspectrometer

Fluorometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • A fluorometer is an instrument that measures the amount of fluorescent radiation produced by a sample exposed to monochromatic radiation. Additional information available at ‘http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/createsensorsupweb’ [Summary provided by NOAA]. Own comment: For Bioanalytics a fluorometer is used to measure quantity and quality of DNA.

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: fluorometer

Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Study of matter through the formation of gas-phase ions that are characterized using mass spectrometers by their mass, charge, structure, and/or physico-chemical properties. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: massspectrometer

Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: massspectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: elementalanalyzerisotoperatiomassspectrometer

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: massspectrometer

  • Mass spectrometry technique based on coupling a mass spectrometer with an inductively coupled plasma as an ion source that both atomizes samples into their constituent atoms and ionizes them to form atomic cations. The technique is highly sensitive for a range of metals and several non-metals, and provides information on isotopic distributions. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC- REC-06-04-06)[Summary provided by CEMS]. Newly developed Time of Flight instrumentation is augmenting more traditional quadruple and magnetic sector based instrumentation. Laser ablation, graphite furnace, liquid and gas chromatographic interfacing has facilitated the analysis of a significantly increased variety of sample types, enabling the determination of up to sixty elements in samples as small as 10 micro-meters in diameter and improved the resolution and detection limits of organo-metallic species analysis in such matrices as foodstuffs, water, sediment and environmental samples. Additional information available at http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/centre/cems/icp_ms.html

  • Source: Instrument general types, NASA,

  • Concept URI token: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometer

Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometer

  • The Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MCICPMS) spectrometer is a double focusing instrument that provides high precision and accurate isotope ratio determinations, coupled with flexibility and ease of use. [Source: University of Alberta.]. Mass spectrograph based on a double-focusing magnetic analyzer that spatially disperses ions of different m/z values on to an array of Faraday cup detectors, generally used with inductively coupled plasma ion sources for isotopic composition measurements. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: multicollectorinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometer

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer

  • Child of: massspectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: secondaryionmassspectrometer

Raman Spectrometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: ramanspectrometer

Spectrofluorometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: spectrofluorometer

Spectrophotometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: spectrophotometer

Spectroradiometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • A spectroradiometer is an instrument for measuring the energy distribution of emitted radiation. Portable spectroradiometers provide field measurements for a variety of applications including geological remote sensing, ground truthing, spectral remote sensing, environmental and climate research, crop and soil research, vegetative studies, forestry and canopy studies, radiometric calibration transfer, upwelling and downwelling measurement.. . SPECTRORADIOMETERS are a combination of a spectroscope and a radiometer in one single unit. (Source: NASA; UUID: 937585ae-67a1-44a5-b88a-612667d353ea). A radiometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometer). The Spectrometer is the base unit of a Spectroradiometer. Spectroradiometers include input optics and calibrations that allow the spectrometer to take calibrated readings of power, intensity, and irradiance/radiance in optical units or lux/nm, lumens/nm, watts/nm, W/cm2/sr/nm etc. Though to be clear, many people interchange the terms calibrated spectrometer, spectrometer and spectroradiometer. (https://www.intl-lighttech.com/blog/what-difference-between- spectrometer-spectroradiometer-and-radiometer)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: spectroradiometer

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

  • Child of: spectrometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: xrayfluorescencespectrometer

Micro-X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

X-Ray Diffractometer

Single Crystal X-Ray Diffractometer

  • Child of: xraydiffractometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: singlecrystalxraydiffractometer

X-Ray Powder Diffractometer

  • Child of: xraydiffractometer

  • Source: method instruments

  • Concept URI token: xraypowderdiffractometer

Concept scheme: Workflow components in geological sample analysis methods

Vocabulary last modified: 2023-02-17

subtitle: This concept scheme contains skos concepts for workflow components in geological sample analysis methods.

Namespace: http://w3id.org/def/geochem/analyticaltechnique/workflow

History

Concepts

Workflow Component

  • top concept for scheme

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: workflowcomponent

Analytical separation

  • Child of: workflowcomponent

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: analyticalseparation

Acid Digestion

  • Child of: analyticalseparation

  • Process in which the sample (analyte and matrix) is dissolved by an acid. Acid digestion can also be used to remove a matrix constituent by selective volatilization, e.g. silicon by the use of hydrofluoric acid. Acid digestion can be performed in closed or open vessels. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0903)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: aciddigestion

Chromatography

  • Child of: analyticalseparation

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: chromatography

Column Chromatography

  • Child of: chromatography

  • Chromatography in which the chromatographic bed is within a tube. (Source IUPAC: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111).

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: columnchromatography

Gas Chromatography

  • Child of: chromatography

  • Gas chromatography involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. Column chromatography in which the mobile phase is a gas. (Note 1: Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column.) (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatography

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography

  • Child of: gaschromatography

  • Chromatography in which an analytical sample is thermally decomposed to smaller fragments before entering the column. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111).

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatography

Liquid Chromatography

  • Child of: chromatography

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: liquidchromatography

Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography

  • Child of: liquidchromatography

  • an effcient technique for preparative separation of organic compounds. The distinction between low pressure, medium pressure and high pressure LC is based on the pressure ranges applied in these techniques and the overlap is often considerable. MPLC allows purification of large compound quantities and, unlike opencolumn chromatography and Sash chromatography, faster and improved separations are obtained. Packing of material with lower particle size under pressure enhances separation quality and moreover the solid phase can be reused. Particle size: 15-40 micron; Pressure: 5-20 bar; Flow rate (ml/min) 3-16; Sample mass: 0.05-100 g. (https://www.theve spiary.org/library/Files_Uploaded_by_Users/Sedit/Chemical%20Analysis/E ncyclopedia%20of%20Separation%20Science/Level%20III%20- %20Practical%20Applications/MEDIUM%20PRESSURE%20LIQUID%20CHROMATOGRAPH Y.pdf)

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: mediumpressureliquidchromatography

Electromigration Technique

  • Child of: analyticalseparation

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: electromigrationtechnique

Capillary Electrophoresis

  • Child of: electromigrationtechnique

  • Separation method based solely on the differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of charged species in capillaries. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111) An electrokinetic separation method performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries or micro- and nanofluidic channels. Sample is introduced into a capillary. The migration of the analytes is initiated by an electric field applied between the source and destination vials. In the most common mode, all ions, positive or negative, are pulled through the capillary in the same direction by electroosmotic flow. The analytes separate as they migrate due to their electrophoretic mobility, and are detected near the outlet end of the capillary. The output of the detector is sent to a data output and handling device such as an integrator or computer. The data is displayed as an electropherogram, which reports detector response as a function of time. Separated chemical compounds appear as peaks with different migration times in an electropherogram.

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: capillaryelectrophoresis

Extraction

  • Child of: analyticalseparation

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: extraction

Solid-Phase Extraction

  • Child of: extraction

  • Extraction of analytes from a gas, liquid, or fluid by transfer to a solid sorbent. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0903)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: solidphaseextraction

sample preparation

  • Child of: workflowcomponent

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: samplepreparation

Bioanalytical sample preparation

  • Child of: samplepreparation

  • Source: add parent workflow component

  • Concept URI token: bioanalyticalsamplepreparation

DNA Fragmentation

  • Child of: bioanalyticalsamplepreparation

  • Breaking and/or separation of large DNA molecules into smaller pieces (fragments). Note 1: DNA fragmentation is usually achieved via cleavage with restriction endonucleases at specific sites or non- specifically by, for example, sonication. Note 2: DNA fragmentation is also a consequence of damage to DNA. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Breaking and/or separation of large DNA molecules into smaller pieces (fragments). Note 1: DNA fragmentation is usually achieved via cleavage with restriction endonucleases at specific sites or non- specifically by, for example, sonication. Note 2: DNA fragmentation is also a consequence of damage to DNA. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: dnafragmentation

DNA Library Preparation

  • Child of: bioanalyticalsamplepreparation

  • Next generation sequencing methods require a DNA library preparation prior to processing. (Own definition)

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: dnalibrarypreparation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • Child of: bioanalyticalsamplepreparation

  • Laboratory technique for rapid amplification and pre-determination of regions of double-stranded DNA using DNA polymerase. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: polymerasechainreaction

Microtomy

  • Child of: samplepreparation

  • Laboratory methods using special instruments (microtomes) to cut very thin slices of specimens for microscopic studies. (Source: USGS; https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=2).

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: microtomy

Concept scheme: Analytical methods for geochemistry

Vocabulary last modified: 2023-02-17

subtitle: This concept scheme contains skos concepts for analysis methods used to characterize geologic samples and some related methods.

Namespace: http://w3id.org/def/geochem/analyticaltechnique/method

History

Concepts

Analytical Method

  • top concept for methods

  • Source: add parent

  • Concept URI token: analyticalmethod

Bioanalytical Method

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: bioanalyticalmethod

DNA Sequencing

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Determination of nucleotide sequence (the DNA primary structure). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: dnasequencing

Flow Cytometry

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Laboratory technique to determine the amount of DNA in cells tagged by fluorescent dye by measuring the intensity of fluorescence under a laser beam. (Source: USGS; https://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus- full.php?thcode=2)

  • Source: USGS

  • Concept URI token: flowcytometry

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. It uses fluorescent probes that only bind to those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence complementarity. Note: FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counselling, medicine, and species identification. FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: fluorescentinsituhybridization

Hybridization Assay

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Assay with specifically designed single-stranded DNA probe with a defined (known) nucleotide sequence usually immobilized on a surface (in such a case, the nucleic acid probe is called the capture probe). Note: The probe is used as a recognition element to test for the nucleotide sequence within the target DNA in the sample solution. If target DNA contains a sequence complementary to the probe, a hybrid dsDNA is formed. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262). A type of Ligand Binding Assay (LBA) used to quantify nucleic acids in biological matrices. Hybridization assays can be in solution or on a solid support such as 96-well plates or labelled beads. Hybridization assays involve labelled nucleic acid probes to identify related DNA or RNA molecules (i.e. with significantly high degree of sequence similarity) within a complex mixture of unlabelled nucleic acid molecules. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_assay)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: hybridizationassay

Next Generation Sequencing

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Determination of nucleotide sequence (the DNA primary structure) using non-Sanger-based high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies where millions of DNA strands can be sequenced in parallel. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: nextgenerationsequencing

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Polymerase chain reaction to quantify target nucleotide sequences of interest. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262). Quantitative PCR adds two elements to the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process: 1)Fluorescent dye and 2) Fluorometer. These two elements turn qPCR to a measurement technique in its own right. The fluorometer detects fluorescence in real time as the thermal cycler runs, giving readings throughout the amplification process of the PCR. As a result, quantitative PCR is also called real-time PCR or RT-PCR. (https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is- qpcr/)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: quantitativepolymerasechainreaction

Sanger Sequencing

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Method for determining nucleotide sequence of DNA based on incorporating chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. Note: The method is named after Frederick Sanger (1918–2013, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 and 1980). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: sangersequencing

Shotgun Method

  • Child of: bioanalyticalmethod

  • Method used for determining the order of bases in long DNA using sequencing of DNA broken up randomly into numerous small segments. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.90.0262)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: shotgunmethod

Methods using chromatography

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: chromatography

Methods using gas chromatography

  • Child of: chromatography

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatography

Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection

  • Child of: gaschromatography

  • A gas chromatography method that uses a flame ionization detector (FID) to measure the concentration of organic species in a gas stream emerging from the column. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographyflameionizationdetection

Gas Chromatography Thermal Conductivity Detection

  • Child of: gaschromatography

  • A gas chromatography method that uses a Thermal Conductivity Detector to analyze inorganic gases (Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.) and small hydrocarbon molecules emerging from the chromatography column. The TCD compares the thermal conductivity of two gas flows - the pure carrier (reference) gas and the sample. Changes in the temperature of the electrically-heated wires in the detector are affected by the thermal conductivity of the gas which flows around this. The changes in this thermal conductivity are sensed as a change in electrical resistance and are measured. (Source: NASA; UUID: f54fd6d0-9705-4f45-8c78-7eaba058b1b6)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographythermalconductivitydetection

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection

  • Child of: gaschromatography

  • Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography that uses a flame ionization detector (FID) to measure the concentration of organic species in a gas stream emerging from the column. An FID typically uses a Hydrogen/Air flame into which the sample is passed to oxidize organic molecules and produces electrically charged particles (ions). The ions are collected and produce an electrical signal which is then measured. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographyflameionizationdetection

Methods using liquid chromatography

  • Child of: chromatography

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: liquidchromatography

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

  • Child of: liquidchromatography

  • Chromatography in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Note 2: Liquid column chromatography utilizing small particles (2–20 micron) and a relatively high inlet pressure (up to 50 MPa (500 bar)) is often characterized by the term high-performance liquid chromatography and the acronym HPLC. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: highperformanceliquidchromatography

Ion Chromatography

  • Child of: liquidchromatography

  • liquid chromatography using conductivity detectors where a combination of weak ionic solvents are used to separate anions and cations of a solution, with the contribution of the solvent to conductivity suppressed just prior to detection; measures anions such as sulfate, nitrate, and chloride in hydrometers. Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences in the ion-exchange affinities of the sample components. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0111)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: ionchromatography

Liquid Chromatography Organic Carbon Detection

  • Child of: liquidchromatography

  • Liquid chromatography – organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) is an analytical technique for identification and quantification of natural organic matter (NOM) constituents in aquatic environments and water- soluble synthetic organic matter in water.

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: liquidchromatographyorganiccarbondetection

Electrochemical Techniques

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: electrochemicaltechniques

Amperometry

  • Child of: electrochemicaltechniques

  • Technique based on measurement of current at a controlled applied potential. Application: monitoring of carbon monoxide in air, dissolved oxygen in water (Clark electrode), glucose in blood (glucose electrode). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109).

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: amperometry

Electrical Conductivity Measurement

  • Child of: electrochemicaltechniques

  • Source: add instrument related methods

  • Concept URI token: electricalconductivitymeasurement

pH Measurement

Potentiometry

  • Child of: electrochemicaltechniques

  • Technique in which the potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode is measured. Application: gas- sensing electrodes (e.g., for CO2, NH3, NOx), determination of oxygen in the gas phase (lambda probe) or ions in water solutions (pH sensitive electrodes, ion-sensitive electrodes). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0109).

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: potentiometry

Redox Potential Measurement

  • Child of: electrochemicaltechniques

  • Redox potential is an electrical measurement that shows the tendency of a solution to transfer electrons to or from a reference electrode. From this measurement we can estimate whether the sample is aerobic, anaerobic, and whether chemical compounds such as Fe oxides or nitrate have been chemically reduced or are present in their oxidized forms. The redox potential is used to describe a system’s overall reducing or oxidizing capacity. The redox potential is measured in millivolts (mV) relative to a standard hydrogen electrode and is commonly measured using a platinum electrode with a saturated calomel electrode as reference.

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: redoxpotentialmeasurement

Electron Diffraction

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: electrondiffraction

Electron Backscatter Diffraction

  • Child of: electrondiffraction

  • a flat/polished crystalline specimen is placed in the SEM chamber at a highly tilted angle (~70degree from horizontal) towards the diffraction camera, to increase the contrast in the resultant electron backscatter diffraction pattern. The phosphor screen is located within the specimen chamber of the SEM at an angle of approximately 90degree to the pole piece and is coupled to a compact lens which focuses the image from the phosphor screen onto the CCD camera. In this configuration, some of the electrons which enter the sample backscatter and may escape. As these electrons leave the sample, they may exit at the Bragg condition related to the spacing of the periodic atomic lattice planes of the crystalline structure and diffract. These diffracted electrons can escape the material and some will collide and excite the phosphor causing it to fluoresce.

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: electronbackscatterdiffraction

Magnetic Field Measurement

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add instrument related methods

  • Concept URI token: magneticfieldmeasurement

Microscopy

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add instrument related methods

  • Concept URI token: microscopy

Photometry

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • measurement of the luminance, luminous intensity, or luminance of a light source; with an output weighted by the wavelength response of the human eye. (Source: NASA; UUID; 806d0bc3-8d08-4418-800b-972292f3db99)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: photometry

Physical property measurement techniques

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add general method categories

  • Concept URI token: physicalpropertytechniques

Porosimetry

  • Child of: physicalpropertytechniques

  • Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material’s porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosimetry)

  • Source: add instrument related methods

  • Concept URI token: porosimetry

Tensiometry

  • Child of: physicalpropertytechniques

  • measurement of soil moisture tension in the vadose zone, typically using a tensiometer.

  • Source: add instrument related methods

  • Concept URI token: tensiometry

Thermal Analysis

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

  • Child of: thermalanalysis

  • Technique where either 1) the difference between heat flow rates into a sample and a reference material is measured (heat-flow DSC) or

  1. the difference between the electrical powers into a sample and a reference material is measured (power compensation DSC). (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2012-0609).

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: differentialscanningcalorimetry

Quantitatve chemical analysis

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add general method categories

  • Concept URI token: quantitatvechemicalanalysis

Total Organic Carbon Analysis

Spectrometry

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry

  • Child of: spectrometry

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: massspectrometry

Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

  • Child of: massspectrometry

  • Measurement and study of the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in a material using a mass spectrometer which is coupled with an elemental analyzer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06).

  • Source: Earth Chem

  • Concept URI token: elementalanalyzerisotoperatiomassspectrometry

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

  • Child of: massspectrometry

  • Technique by which a mixture is separated into individual components by gas chromatography, followed by detection with a mass spectrometer. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: gaschromatographymassspectrometry

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

  • Child of: gaschromatographymassspectrometry

  • Mass spectrometry technique in which the sample is heated to the point of decomposition and the gas phase decomposition products are characterized by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06).

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: pyrolysisgaschromatographymassspectrometry

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

  • Child of: massspectrometry

  • Measure method in which a focused beam of primary ions produces secondary ions by sputtering from a solid surface. The secondary ions are analyzed by mass spectrometry. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: secondaryionmassspectrometry

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

  • Child of: spectrometry

  • Measurement principle of spectroscopy to measure the precession of magnetic moments placed in a magnetic induction based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation of a specific frequency by an atomic nucleus. Nuclei having a suitable magnetic moment include 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, 31P. The technique is used as a method of determining structure of organic molecules, or as a mechanism for quantification. (Source: IUPAC; https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC- REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf). A spectroscopic technique that observes the signal produced by nuclear magnetic resonance of the atomic nuclei in a sample when exposed to excitation by radio waves. The signal is related to local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups. The electromagnetic waves emitted by the nuclei of the sample as a result of perturbation by a weak oscillating magnetic field are detected with sensitive radio receivers. Upon excitation of the sample with a radio frequency (60–1000 MHz) pulse, a nuclear magnetic resonance response - a free induction decay (FID) - is obtained. It is a very weak signal, and requires sensitive radio receivers to pick up. A Fourier transform is carried out to extract the frequency-domain spectrum from the raw time-domain FID. As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy

Photon spectrometry

  • Child of: spectrometry

  • Source: add parent methods

  • Concept URI token: photonspectrometry

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

  • Child of: photonspectrometry

  • measurement the [energy, power?] of fluorescent radiation produced by a sample exposed to monochromatic radiation, used to identify the presence and the amount of specific molecules in a sample (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorometer). A type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light; typically, but not necessarily, visible light (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: fluorescencespectroscopy

Fluorescence Microscopy

  • Child of: fluorescencespectroscopy

  • Fluorescence microscopy is capable of imaging the distribution of a single molecular species based solely on the properties of fluorescence emission. Thus, using fluorescence microscopy, the precise location of intracellular components labeled with specific fluorophores can be monitored, as well as their associated diffusion coefficients, transport characteristics, and interactions with other biomolecules. In addition, the dramatic response in fluorescence to localized environmental variables enables the investigation of pH, viscosity, refractive index, ionic concentrations, membrane potential, and solvent polarity in living cells and tissues. Fluorescence is the property of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a particular wavelength and to subsequently emit light of longer wavelength after a brief interval, termed the fluorescence lifetime. http://micro.magnet .fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/fluorhome.html

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: fluorescencemicroscopy

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

  • Child of: fluorescencespectroscopy

  • Primary X-Rays are used to excite (fluoresce) X-rays in the specimen. A fused disc or pressed pellet is used for the determination of major element concentrations or trace element abundances in a bulk specimen. The X-ray detector utilizes a set of diffracting crystals specially positioned to detect one characteristic X-ray at-a-time. This sequential measurement of X-rays is termed Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). Additional information available at ‘http://www.nmnh.si.edu/minsci/labs/xrf.htm’. Measurement method of X-ray fluorescence used to measure amounts of elements in a material. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: xrayfluorescencespectroscopy

Micro-X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

  • Child of: xrayfluorescencespectroscopy

  • Measurement method of X-ray fluorescence used to measure amounts of elements in a material. Micro-XRF analysis uses highly brilliant X-ray sources (synchrotron source and spot size 100 nm to 2 micron) and microfocussing X-ray optics to give femtogram to attogram detection limits. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302).

  • Source: Own

  • Concept URI token: microxrayfluorescencespectroscopy

Optical spectrometry

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

  • Child of: opticalspectrometry

  • analytical technique used to measure a wide range of elements in materials such as metals, pottery and glass. Although it is a destructive technique (unlike ED-XRF), the sample size needed is very small (typically about 10 milligrams - i.e. one hundredth of a gram) and its removal causes little damage. The sample is accurately weighed and then dissolved, often using strong acids. The resulting solution is sprayed into the flame of the instrument and atomized. Light of a suitable wavelength for a particular element is shone through the flame, and some of this light is absorbed by the atoms of the sample. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the element in the solution, and hence in the original object. Measurements are made separately for each element of interest in turn to achieve a complete analysis of an object, and thus the technique is relatively slow to use. However, it is very sensitive and it can measure trace elements down to the part per million level, as well as being able to measure elements present in minor and major amounts. Additional information available at http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/text/techniques/sr-tech- aas-t.html, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0410

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: atomicabsorptionspectroscopy

Spectrophotometry

  • Child of: photonspectrometry

  • measurement of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation as a function of frequency (or wavelength) of the radiation; radiation enters the meter through a slit and is dispersed by means of a prism. (Source: NASA; UUID: 3f7c8cc2-e3c3-4dfd-a17f-9d480f1f7179)

  • Source: NASA

  • Concept URI token: spectrophotometry

Raman Spectroscopy

  • Child of: spectrometry

  • Measurement principle of molecular spectroscopy based on Raman scattering. (Source: IUAPC; https://iupac.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-REC-19-02-03.R2_PR191002MC.pdf).

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: ramanspectroscopy

X-Ray Diffraction

  • Child of: analyticalmethod

  • Measurement method using diffraction of X-radiation to obtain the spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystalline sample. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg’s Law (n‘lambda’=2dsin(theta)). This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By changing the geometry of the incident rays, the sample, and the detector, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice should be attained.(https://serc.carleton.ed u/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRD.html) Copper K-a radiation (l = 0.15406 nm, E = 8.04 keV) is typically used for routine XRD. (Source: IUPAC; https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0302)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: xraydiffraction

Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction

  • Child of: xraydiffraction

  • Single-crystal X-ray Diffraction is a non-destructive analytical technique which provides detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg’s Law (n‘lambda’=2dsin(theta). This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By changing the geometry of the incident rays, the orientation of the centered crystal and the detector, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice should be attained. Single-crystal diffractometers use either 3- or 4-circle goniometers. These circles refer to the four angles (2theta, ‘chi’, ‘phi’, and ‘omega’) that define the relationship between the crystal lattice, the incident ray and detector. Samples are mounted on thin glass fibers which are attached to brass pins and mounted onto goniometer heads. Adjustment of the X, Y and Z orthogonal directions allows centering of the crystal within the X-ray beam. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction is most commonly used for precise determination of a unit cell, including cell dimensions and positions of atoms within the lattice. (https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/t echniques/SXD.html)

  • Source: DFG

  • Concept URI token: singlecrystalxraydiffraction

X-Ray Powder Diffraction

  • Child of: xraydiffraction

  • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined. The geometry of an X-ray diffractometer is such that the sample rotates in the path of the collimated X-ray beam at an angle theta while the X-ray detector is mounted on an arm to collect the diffracted X-rays and rotates at an angle of 2*theta. The instrument used to maintain the angle and rotate the sample is termed a goniometer. For typical powder patterns, data is collected at 2theta from ~5degree to 70degree, angles that are preset in the X-ray scan. X-ray powder diffraction is most widely used for the identification of unknown crystalline materials (e.g. minerals, inorganic compounds). (h ttps://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/X RD.html)

  • Source: IUPAC

  • Concept URI token: xraypowderdiffraction