1 Concept scheme: OpenContext material type extension draft

no modified date

subtitle: vocabulary of materials typical of archeological samples

Namespace: https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

History

Concepts

1.1 anthropogenic metal

  • Specimen is dominantly composed of metal that has been produced or used by humans; subclass of anthropogenic material. Samples of naturally occuring metallic material (e.g. native copper, gold nuggets) should be considered mineral material. Metallic material is material that when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). The boundaries between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids fluctuate slightly due to a lack of universally accepted definitions of the categories involved. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal). c.f. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01001069
  • Concept URI token: anthropogenicmetal

1.1.1 brass

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)

  • Concept URI token: brass

1.1.2 bronze

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • alloy consisting primarily of copper with subordinate tin; often includes other metals

  • Concept URI token: bronze

1.1.3 copper

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • copper metal, includes copper-rich alloys not identifiable as brass or bronze.

  • Concept URI token: copper

1.1.4 gold

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • a chemical element with atomic number 79; a dense, soft metal that is easily malleable and ductile. It has a melting point of 1064 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 2,807 degrees Celsius. (ChatGPT)

  • Concept URI token: gold

1.1.5 iron

1.1.6 lead

  • lead

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • lead or lead-rich alloy

  • lead or lead-rich alloy

  • Concept URI token: lead

1.1.7 pewter

  • pewter

  • Child of: anthropogenicmetal

  • alloy consisting of mostly tin, with antimony, minor copper or bismuth, and sometimes silver.

  • alloy consisting of mostly tin, with antimony, minor copper or bismuth, and sometimes silver.

  • Concept URI token: pewter

1.2 biogenic non-organic material

  • Material produced by an organism but not composed of ‘very large molecules of biological origin.’ E.g. bone, tooth, shell, coral skeleton,
  • Concept URI token: biogenicnonorganicmaterial

1.2.1 amber

1.2.2 bone

1.2.3 charcoal

1.2.4 coal

1.2.5 shell

  • Child of: biogenicnonorganicmaterial

  • Hard outer covering of invertebrate creatures, composed of calcareous or chitinous material (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011829)

  • Concept URI token: shell

1.3 mineral

  • Material consists of a single mineral or mineraloid phase. . ‘A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.’ (Nickel, Ernest H. (1995), The definition of a mineral, The Canadian Mineralogist. 33 (3): 689–90). Include mineraloids. … A material primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000256). Comment: the identity of a mineral species is defined by a crystal structure and a chemical composition that might include various specific elemental substitutions in that structure. Mineraloid: A naturally occurring mineral-like substance that does not demonstrate crystallinity. Mineraloids possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals. Examples: obsidian, Opal. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid)
  • Concept URI token: mineral

1.3.1 hematite

  • Child of: mineral

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: hematite

1.3.2 kaolin

  • Child of: mineral

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: kaolin

1.3.3 mica

  • mica

  • Child of: mineral

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: mica

1.3.4 quartz

  • quartz

  • Child of: mineral

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: quartz

1.4 organic material

  • Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin. Examples: body (animal or plant), body part, fecal matter, seeds, wood, tissue, biological fluids, biological waste, algal material, biofilm, necromass, plankton. source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000155
  • Concept URI token: organicmaterial

1.4.1 organic animal material

  • Child of: organicmaterial

  • Material that is (or was) a constituent of an animal organisms, composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin.

  • Concept URI token: organicanimalmaterial

1.4.1.1 hair

  • Child of: organicanimalmaterial

  • Material comprising the cylindrical filaments that grow from follicles embedded in the skin of mammals. Hair is a column of overlapping, fused cells that are composed of the protein keratin; hair is composed of three parts: the innermost column is the medula, the surrounding live cells (the cortex) contain pigment, and the outermost dead transparent cells are the cuticular scales. The portion of the hair outside of the skin is called the shaft. Fine, closely spaced hair that covers most of an animal’s body is called fur. Dense, soft, curled hair is called wool. Coarse, stiff hairs are called bristles, spines, or quills. Horsehair and cattle hair have been used for brushes, plaster binders, haircloth, and upholstery stuffing. Rabbit hair, often called rabbit fur, has been used to make felt hats. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011814)

  • Concept URI token: hair

1.4.1.2 leather

  • Child of: organicanimalmaterial

  • The skin or hide of an animal that has been tanned to render it resistant to putrefication and relatively soft and flexible when dry. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011845)

  • Concept URI token: leather

1.4.2 organic plant material

  • Child of: organicmaterial

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: organicplantmaterial

1.4.2.1 Wood

1.4.2.2 Plant fiber

1.4.3 plant material

1.4.3.1 Plant fiber

1.4.3.2 Wood

1.5 other anthropogenic material

  • Non-metallic material produced by human activity. Organic products of agricultural activity are both anthropogenic and organic. Include lab preparations like XRF pellet and rock powders. Examples: ceramics, concrete, slag, (anthropogenic) glass, mine tailing, plaster, waste.
  • Concept URI token: otheranthropogenicmaterial

1.5.1 anthropogenic organic material

1.5.1.1 plastic (material)

  • Child of: anthropogenicorganicmaterial

  • Synthetic or semi-synthetic material that uses organic polymers as a main ingredient.

  • Concept URI token: plastic

1.5.2 ceramic clay

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • Any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion- resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic)

  • Concept URI token: ceramicclay

1.5.2.1 brick clay

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • dried or low-fired clay-rich material used to make blocks for construction

  • Concept URI token: brickclay

1.5.2.2 bucchero

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • ceramic with black fabric and glossy, black surface achieved through reduction firing

  • Concept URI token: bucchero

1.5.2.3 faience

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • fine white-glazed ceramic (tin oxide based glaze)

  • Concept URI token: faience

1.5.2.4 porcelain

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • Kaolin rich high-fired ceramic; In China, it includes any such ware that is highly fired enough to produce a ringing sound when struck. In Europe, it is limited to hard-fired ceramic that is translucent. (https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/scopeNote/45436)

  • Concept URI token: porcelain

1.5.2.5 terracotta

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • clay-based unglazed or glazed, porous ceramic

  • Concept URI token: terracotta

1.5.2.6 terra sigilata

  • Child of: ceramicclay

  • Fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips

  • Concept URI token: terrasigilata

1.5.3 fiber material

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • material composed of fibers twisted or woved togther. Fibers might be plant material or Anthropogenic Organic material.

  • Concept URI token: fibermaterial

1.5.4 glass

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • A non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the molten silca rich material. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass)

  • Concept URI token: glass

1.5.5 paper

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • thin matted or felted sheets or webs of fiber formed and dried on a fine screen from a pulpy water suspension. The fibers may be animal, such as hair, silk or wool, or mineral, such as asbestos, or synthetic. However most paper is made from cellulosic plant fiber, such as from wood pulp, grass, cotton, linen, and straw. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300014109)

  • Concept URI token: paper

1.5.6 plaster or mortar

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • Plaster is a pasty material that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions. Mortar is a similar pasty material used for cementing bricks or block together or coating walls in building construction.

  • Concept URI token: plasterormortar

1.5.7 rubber

  • Child of: otheranthropogenicmaterial

  • An elastomer, synthesized from petroleum byproducts or from latex harvested from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

  • Concept URI token: rubber

1.6 particulate material

  • Material consists of microscopic particulate material derived by precipitation, filtering, or settling from suspension in a fluid, e.g. filtrate from water, deposition from atmosphere, astro material particles. Might include mineral, organic, or biological material. ENVO definition (ENVO_01000060) has “composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.”, refine here to define as the solid particles, distinct from a material in which they are suspended. A material that includes solid or liquid particles suspended in another material would be a dispersed_media in this scheme, not defined in ENVO. Human manufactured particulates (e.g. rock powder) should be categorized as ‘anthropogenic material’ as well as ‘Particulate’
  • Concept URI token: particulate

1.6.1 cinder

  • Child of: particulate rock

  • The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788) @en

  • The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788)

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: cinder

1.7 rock

  • Consolidated aggregate of particles (grains) of rock, mineral (including native elements), mineraloid, or solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; natural glass such as obsidian; organic material formed by geologic processes such a coal; extraterrestrial material in meteorites; and crushed rock fragments like drill cuttings from rock. (based on http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/rock, same as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00001995)
  • Concept URI token: rock

1.7.1 basalt

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: basalt

1.7.2 chert

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: chert

1.7.2.1 flint

  • Child of: chert

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: flint

1.7.3 cinder

  • Child of: particulate rock

  • The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788) @en

  • The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788)

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: cinder

1.7.4 coal

1.7.5 dolomite

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Alternate labels: dolostone

  • Concept URI token: dolomite

1.7.6 gabbro

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: gabbro

1.7.7 greywacke

  • greywacke

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Alternate labels: graywacke, graywacke,

  • Concept URI token: greywacke

1.7.8 limestone

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: limestone

1.7.9 marble

  • marble

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: marble

1.7.10 obsidian

  • obsidian

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: obsidian

1.7.11 pumice

  • pumice

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: pumice

1.7.12 slate

  • Child of: rock

  • missing

  • Concept URI token: slate

1.7.13 travertine

  • Child of: rock

  • A limestone consisting of a massive usually layered calcium carbonate (such as aragonite or calcite) formed by deposition from spring waters, especially from hot springs. (https://www.mindat.org/min-39057.html)

  • Concept URI token: travertine